Explain the correlation between fasting and gluconeogenesis in terms of the hormone released by the pancreas and the blood sugar level.
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- Describe the role of ion channels in insulin secretion by the β cells of the pancreas.Explain why the increase in insulin secretion in response toparasympathetic stimulation and gastrointestinal hormones is consistentwith the maintenance of blood glucose levels in the blood.Outline the functions of the following hormones in relation to digestion and/or the maintenance of metabolic balance: gastrin, cholecystokinin (CCK), insulin, glucagon and leptin
- Briefly describe the insulin signalling pathway. Explain what insulin resistance is and how it is linked to obesity.Explain the control of hunger and satiation (feeling full) using the interaction of hormones and the presence of food in the stomach.Describe some of the most important regulatory mechanisms that underlie the use of glucose but not fatty acids in the postprandial state AND the use of fatty acids but not glucose in starvation.
- Which is true regarding insulin secretion from the pancreas? Insulin secretion favors glycogenolysis. The presence of glucokinase is one factor that allows the pancreas to appropriately release insulin. Insulin is produced and released from the alpha cells in the islet of Langerhans. In a type I diabetic, the pancreas must secrete more insulin to deal with the increase in insulin resistance in peripheral tissues.Describe the negative feedback control of blood glucose levels, and explain the roles of insulin and glucagon in regulating blood glucose levels. ANSWER SHOULD INCLUDE: Explain the meaning of "negative feedback control', Name the 2 hormones involved and which part of pancreas produces each one Explain the stimulus for release of each hormone. Explain the response to hyperglycaemia (what happens to glucose? Explain the meaning of term such as facilitated diffusion, glycogenesis , gluconeogenesis) Explain how blood glucose returns to normal (homeostasis) Explain the response to hyperglycaemia (what happens to glucose? What happens in glyconeogenesis?) In which organs do these events occur? Explain how blood glucose level returns to normal (homeostasis)Describe the cellular events leading to release of insulin and the outcome on glucose metabolism in hepatocytes, myoctes and adipocytes in relation to health and disease states.
- With the aid of a diagram describe the control of blood glucose levels in the fasting state and post consumption.Describe the mechanism of action of insulin and glucagon, and how they differ in relation to the blood glucose level.Explain the difference in terms of pancreas function between insulin-dependent and insulin-independent diabetes mellitus.
