Exercise 3 Polymorphism Polycystic Kidney disease (PKD) is a disease caused by an abnormal gene growth and is manifested by the presence of cysts on the kidney's surface, leading to enlargement that interferes with nomal kidney function. People affected by PKD develop high blood pressure and pain in the side or back, they suffer from kidney stones and blood in urine, they experience also the need to urinate frequently at night. Note: Cysts are fluid filled sac 1. Define mutation. 2. Pick out from the text the statement that proves that PKD is a hereditary disease. 3. List the symptoms of PKD.

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Animal Phylogeny

Cladistics is a method of biological classification where organisms are classified based on their ancestors and their relationship with them. It is defined as the concepts and methods for determining the branching patterns of evolution and evolutionary history. Some scientists, however, have preferred the term phylogenetic systematics or phylogenetic taxonomy to emphasize the reliance on a phylogeny for classification. It is the most common and accepted method for classifying organisms.