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- Photosynthetic response curve to light for sun (solid line, N = 14) and shade leaves (dashed line, N = 21) of S. Why in this graph do we see shaded leaves have lower values compared to light leaves as PAR is increasing?In a photosynthetic investigation, a student measured the following pH of the stroma and the inner thylakoid compartments of spinach leaf cells at the conclusion of the experiment. Source of Fluid pH (mean) Standard Error of Mean (SEM) Stroma 8.2 0.75 Inner compartment of thylakoid 5.6 0.35 Describe the stages of photosynthesis. Explain the need for a constant supply of inorganic carbon dioxide.In addition, the proportion of each electron carrier (ferredoxin, NADP+,plastoquinone, cyt b559, cyt f, plastocyanin and cyt b6) that is oxidized duringphotosynthesis can be measured spectrophotometrically. From the data given below,identify each column with one of the electron carriers listed above, and give a shortreason to justify each choice. One of the electron carriers might not be represented by aletter. There may be ambiguity, where you can’t narrow down one letter between twosubstances – that’s fine, just explain why you can’t tell. The number shows the proportion of the lettered electron carrier that is oxidized; that is0.0 means none of that carrier is oxidized, and 1.0 means that it is fully oxidized. (attached table)A =B =C =D =E =F =
- In cyclic photophosphorylation, it is estimated that two electrons must be passed through the cycle to pump enough protons to generate one ATP. Assuming that the AG for hydrolysis of ATP under conditions existing in the chloroplast is about –50 kJ/mol, what is the corresponding percent ef- ficiency of cyclic photophosphorylation, using light of 700 nm?In cyclic photophosphorylation, it is estimated that two electrons must bepassed through the cycle to pump enough protons to generate one ATP.Assuming that the ∆G for hydrolysis of ATP under conditions existing inthe chloroplast is about -50 kJ/mol, what is the corresponding percent efficiency of cyclic photophosphorylation, using light of 700 nm?In a photosynthetic investigation, a student measured the following pH of the stroma and the inner thylakoid compartments of spinach leaf cells at the conclusion of the experiment. Source of Fluid pH (mean) Standard Error of Mean (SEM) Stroma 8.2 0.75 Inner compartment of thylakoid 5.6 0.35 Explain the reason for the differences in pH between the stroma and the thylakoid lumen.
- compare and contrast the quantum yields of photochemistry and photosynthetic carbon fixation. Explain the differences between the respective quantum yield values.In the following representation of stepwise electron flow through the respira- tory chain, replace the question marks with suitable parameters being judged. -0.4 NADH 240 -0.2 FMN, 200 0.0 160 0.2 120 0.4F cyt c 80 0.6 40 0.8 (a) ? (b) ?For the chloroplast, the thylakoid membrane separates the thylakoid lumen from the stroma; the protons from the photosystems are transported, like with the mitochondrial inner membrane, against the gradient from the lumen to the stroma. However, the pH(lumen) – pH (stroma) is much larger, about 3.4. Calculate delta psi (the electric potential) for the thylakoid membrane, given that ∆G of proton transport is about the same as for the mitochondrion. Then comment on its permeability to ions, compared to the mitochondrial inner membrane’s permeability to ions.
- The muscle enzyme lactate dehydrogenase catalyzes the reaction NADH and NAD+ are the reduced and oxidized forms, respectively, of the coenzyme NAD. Solutions of NADH, but not NAD+, absorb light at 340 nm. This property is used to determine the concentration of NADH in solution by measuring spectrophotometrically the amount of light absorbed at 340 nm by the solution. Explain how these properties of NADH can be used to design a quantitative assay for lactate dehydrogenase.Determining the surface area of biological materials is important for calculation and/or modeling of transpiration, respiration rate, soil nutrient uptake, cardiac output, chemotherapy dosage, heat transfer, etc. Using the tables from "Biology for Engineers" by Arthur Johnson (uploaded to Canvas in the Physical Properties of Biomaterials Tables file) and equations discussed in class, calculate the surface area of a Hereford bull (1106.7 lb) and compare it to that of the tallest man in U.S. history (8.0 ft 11.0 in tall and 439.0 lb according to the Guinness World Records). Quantify the comparison of surface areas rather than simply saying one is greater than the other. Reference: https://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/news/2022/6/the-tragic-death-of-robert-wadlow-the- tallest-man-ever-708849 A soil sample was taken for bulk density determination using a core sampler which is cylindrical in shape (see below). Calculate the soil bulk density, also known as dry bulk density, for a 187.4 g…For the transfer of electrons from NADH to spinach ferredoxin iron determine the AEo'. Is this a spontaneous transfer?