Even though it is trivial that Beta Blockers might have negative inotropic effect on the heart, but they improve the overall heart function in heart failure at the end and used for this condition, because: a. They decrease reflex overload of the heart b. They inhibit RAAS system c. They decrease after load d. They slow electrical conduction of SA and AV nodes which increases the filling time of the ventricles which improves extraction fraction in HFFEF e. All of the above

49 Which of the following can cause bradycardia? Select all that apply. a. Increased sympathetic nervous system stimulation b. Hyperkalemia 000000000000 c. Carotid sinus massage d. Beta blockers e. Digitalis

Affects on the cardiovascular system in patients with Addison’s disease include all, except:A. CardiomegalyB. HypotensionC. BradycardiaD. Decreasing ECG voltageE. Reduction in the dimensions of heart

17. Match the ECG wave information with the appropriate action potential in the following columns: a.P wave e.Depolarization of the AV node b.QRS complex f.Repolarization of ventricles c.PR segment g.Depolarization of ventricles d.T wave h.Depolarization of the atria Match the itmes in the left columns to the right columns.

If the sinoatrial node stopped generating action potentials the heart would _____.   A stop beating because the sinoatrial node is the heart's pacemaker   B beat with a slower frequency due to the spontaneous depolarization of the AV node   C go into fibrillation immediately because the heart cells would no longer function in a coordinated rhythm   D continue to beat normally because the sympathetic neurons going to the cardiomyocytes would initiate the depolarization

Which of the following is not true about Ventricular cardiac action potentials? O A. Action potentials arise from current flow across membranes. B. Current is carried by neutral ions. O C. Action potentials fire in an all-or-none fashion. OD. A stimulus usually initiates the action potential in healthy cells. O E. Potassium is the dominant current during the diastolic interval. HELENT

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22. Ventricular Contractility increases in response to circulating Epinephrine. What factor is responsible for this increase in the force of the contraction?   A.the Na+ current (depol.) B.the Ca++ current which causes the plateau (trigger Ca++) C.the K+ current D.a decreased Central Venous Pressure   23. Normally, Systole takes up about 80% of the Cardiac Cycle.   A. true B. false       24.Which of the following is not an affect of circulating Angiostensin II (AII)?   A.thirst B.selective vasodilation C.increased peripheral vascular tone & resistance D.the release of Aldosterone from the adrenal cortex     25. Blood Volume affects blood pressure because it directly increases:   A.Total Peripheral Resistance B.Stroke Volume C.End Systolic Volume D.Central Venous Pressure     26. Atrial Naturetic Factor is released to adjust blood pressure. Which organ releases this hormone?   A.the heart B.the kidneys C.the adrenal cortex