Estimates of broad sense heritability for the commercially important trait "first lactation milk" in dairy cows have nearly doubled from ~0.25 in the 1970's to ~0.4 today. Which of the following can explain this increase? All of these can explain the increase O The number of genes impacting the first lactation milk phenotype is higher now than it was in the 1970s O Dairy cows are reared in more uniform environments now than they were in the 1970s O Dairy cows are more genetically uniform now than they were in the 1970s
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- Roughly 30% of harvested cantaloupesare wasted because they become overripebefore reaching consumers. Agricultural scientistshave used genetic engineering to insert an applegene into the cantaloupe genome to produce atransgenic (GM) cantaloupe that ripens more slowlyafter harvesting. Is this approach less desirablethan the marker-assisted breeding describedabove? Why or why not?In domesticated dogs, size has a high heritability, andthe trait is determined by only a small number ofgenes. In contrast, genetic variation at more than180 QTLs explains only a very small proportion ofthe high heritability for height in humans. What couldexplain the missing heritability in humans, and howcould you test your hypothesized explanations?Height in humans is controlled by the additive action of genes and the action of environmental factors. For the purposes of this problem, assume that height is controlled by four genesA, B, C, and Dand that there are no environmental effects. Assume further that additive alleles contribute two units of height and partially additive alleles contribute one unit of height. a. Given these assumptions, can two individuals of moderate height produce offspring that are much taller and shorter than either parent? If so, how can this happen? b. Can someone of minimum height and someone of intermediate height have children taller than the parent of intermediate height? Why or why not?
- The following table gives the percentage of twinpairs studied in which both twins expressed the same phenotypefor a trait (concordance). Percentages listed arefor concordance for each trait in monozygotic (MZ) anddizygotic (DZ) twins. Assuming that both twins in eachpair were raised together in the same environment, whatdo you conclude about the relative importance of geneticversus environmental factors for each trait?The heritability for egg weight in a group of chickens on a farm inMaine is 0.95. Are the following statements regarding this heritabilitytrue or false? If a statement is false, explain why.A. The environment in Maine has very little effect on the outcomeof this trait.B. Nearly all of the phenotypic variance for this trait in this groupof chickens is due to genetic variance.C. The trait is polygenic and likely to involve a large number ofgenes.D. Based on the observation of the heritability in the Mainechickens, it is reasonable to conclude that the heritability foregg weight in a group of chickens on a farm in Montana isalso very high.. A chicken breeder is working with a population in whichthe mean number of eggs laid per hen in one month is 28and the variance is 5 eggs2. The narrow-sense heritabilityis known to be 0.8. Given this information, can the breeder expect that the population will respond to selectionfor an increase in the number of eggs per hen in the nextgeneration?a. No, applying selection is always risky and a breedernever knows what to expect.b. No, a breeder needs to know the broad-senseheritability to know what to expect.c. Yes, since the narrow-sense heritability is close to1 (0.8), then we would expect selective breeding couldlead to increased egg production in the next generation.d. Yes, since the variance is greater than 0.e. Both c and d are correct.
- When artificial selection is practiced over many generations, it iscommon for the trait to reach a plateau in which further selectionhas little effect on the outcome of the trait. This phenomenon isillustrated as shown. Explain why it occurs.Some people can taste the bitter compound phenylthiocarbamide while others cannot. This trait isgoverned by a single autosomal gene; the allele fortasting is completely dominant with respect to the allele for nontasting. Among 1707 Hawaiians tested forthe ability to taste, 1326 tasters were found. Assumingthat the population is at Hardy-Weinberg equilibriumfor this gene and that mating is purely random:a. What are the allele frequencies for the tasting alleleT [= (p)] and for the nontasting allele t [= (q)]?b. What are the genotype frequencies in the population?c. Of all the matings in the population, what proportion will be between two nontasters?d. Of all the matings in the population, what proportion will be between a taster and a nontaster?e. Of all the matings in the population, what proportion will be between a taster male and a nontasterfemale?f. What proportion of all of the progeny produced byall matings between a taster male and a nontasterfemale will be nontasters?g. Of all…A danger in computing heritability values from studiesinvolving genetically related individuals is the possibility that theseindividuals share more similar environments than do unrelatedindividuals. In the experiment shown in Figure 24.8, which dataare the most compelling evidence that ridge count is not causedby genetically related individuals sharing common environments?Explain
- For an individual having agenotype formed of twodifferent alleles that conditiondifferent varieties of the samephenotypical trait, upon whatwill the phenotypical featureactually manifested depend?Figure 19-11 shows the expected distributions for thethree genotypic classes if the B locus is a QTL affectingthe trait value.a. As drawn, what is the dominance/additive (D/A)ratio?b. How would you redraw this figure if the B locus hadno effect on the trait value?c. How would the positions along the x-axis of thecurves for the different genotypic classes of the B locuschange if D/A = 1.0?What is the Fisher runaway (sexy son) hypothesis? Good Genes Hvpotheses Hamitton-Zuk Model: Decreee in tent fie with per d Orramert cordion drceme with inc ed rmite l euinverin Herisie vaiioninre e pres Famtediocr for mosiomr mam Fenaeton t terelre lars tizod malen · Elaborate male trait may indicate high heritable visblity (Good Genes) Females choose mateRs based on an Indicator of their physiological(and presumably genetic robustness In ppuinions with ahigh parasie londtee wil I angh selective presure for lore prefererce for brigly ckorad Oamerd mal Runaway sexual selection Fisher' s Runoway Process Fisher (1930) suggested how genes controlling female preterence could become assooiated with genes controling male traits Genetic variation ina trait anses thatoonfers a survival advantage (eg. tail lehgth in birds). Males with longar tails are favored by eoological and sexual selection Assume genetic variance for female preference of tail length Females preferming longer tailed males…