E. coli

Q: Why is it easier to target a single mutant versus multiple mutants in the virus?

A: A virus is an infection-causing microbial agent that replicates inside a living cell of an organism.…

Q: What are retroviruses? How do they reproduce and what is the role of the enzyme reverse…

A: Viruses are simpler in structure and composition. They are made up of nucleic acids and proteins.…

Q: When would it be beneficial to use a eukaryotic host formolecular cloning?

A: The techniques for  gene manipulation, cloning, and expression were first developed in bacteria.…

Q: Describe the reason behind the occurrence of phage growth and release by the mating with the…

A: Bacteriophages frequently transition between the lytic and lysogenic states. The two gene regulatory…

Q: What is unusual about genetic information flow in retroviruses?

A: The greatest breakthrough in the central dogma was the discovery of retroviruses that transcribe RNA…

Q: When a temperate phage infects a bacteria cell it O immediately undergoes the temperate lifecycle. O…

A: Phages can be either virulent or temperate. Lytic cycle is used for replication by virulent phage.…

Q: Simian Virus 40 is carcinogenic in primates.  1). which molecule of the virus 2). what particular…

A: Viruses come under the category of microorganisms (tiny creatures) that can be found in the…

Q: How did Hershey and Chase show that DNA is passed to new phages in phage reproduction?

A: The deoxyribonucleic acid is the genetic material that is passed from one generation to the next…

Q: What is a non conjugative plasmid?

A:

Q: What is conjugation? What role do plasmids play in conjugation?

A: Bacteria are the most important microorganisms to the food processor. Some bacteria are beneficial…

Q: What are retrovirus-like elements?

A: Retrovirus-like elements include retroviruses and long terminal repeat (LTR)-containing…

Q: How does the microscopy in Figure 2 show that the capsule and an S-layer can exist in the same cell…

A: Surface layer (S- layer) is the self assembled monomeric proteins forming to protect the surface of…

Q: Most humans are not easily infected by avian influenza. How, then, do DNA sequences from avian…

A: Deoxy ribonucleic acid (DNA) is the genetic material of most organisms that carry coded genetic…

Q: Bacteriophage P22 was used in generalized transduction experiments to infect the Salmonella…

A: The horizontal transfer of the genetic material from donor bacteria to the recipient bacteria via…

Q: Which type of phages can perform   generalized transduction?

A: Zinder and Lederberg in 1952 discovered Transduction in S.typhimurum. The phage which mediated DNA…

Q: Compare and contrast the lysogenic and lytic cycles of phage λ.

A: Phage lambda is a bacteriophage which infects E.coli bacteria. Bacteriophages are the viruses that…

Q: How did clone USA300 and other strains of MRSA become so dangerous?

A: The reason is;

Q: What is meant by the term emerging virus?

A: Viruses are microscopic agents that can replicate only inside the host cells. They can infect all…

Q: What is the role of sex pili during conjugation?

A: When genetic information is transferred from donor cell to recipient cell with the help of a bridge…

Q: How is Ti plasmid of Agrobacterium tumefaciens modified to convert it into a cloning vector?

A: Agrobacterium tumefaciens is a well-studied species of the gram-negative genus of bacteria, known as…

Q: What are the advantages and disadvantages to bacteriophages of the lytic and lysogenic rep

A: Bacteriophages : A type is a type of virus that infects bacteria . There are two types of…

Q: Which of the following is a way in which plasmids may be introduced into host organisms?

A: Plasmids or transposons are considered replicons, units of DNA capable of replicating autonomously…

Q: Explain in molecular terms how a bacterial cell is made lysogenic by a temperate phage such a lambda

A: Introduction :- Lysogeny is the process in which a temperate phage, such as lambda, infects a…

Q: What is required to package the T4 genome into its phage head?

A: Introduction  T4 is a type bacteriophage which infects the E coli bacteria (Escherichia coli). It is…

Q: How many millions of bases are in the genome of the mimivirus or largest virus known?

A: In the family Mimiviridae, the genus Mimivirus contains enormous viruses. Their native hosts are…

Q: Which of the following statements describes the lysogenic cycle of lambda (A) phage? After…

A: In this lambda phage, the virus infects the bacteria, this virus can perform two types of life…

Q: What functions must a plasmid encode to be self-transmissible?

A: A plasmid that codes for its own mating pair formation (MPF) genes is called self transmissible or…

Q: What is unique about Z-DNA that might make it a specific target during viral infection?

A: Z-DNA is a type of double-helical structure of DNA. It shows a left-handed double helical structure…

Q: Why does conjugation occur in bacteria?

A: Conjugation is a process of transfer of genetic material from one bacterial cell to the another cell…

Q: The transfection reagent used to introduce plasmids to the HEK293 cells was a lipid reagent. Why is…

A: Transfection is the incorporation of DNA, RNA, or proteins in to the eukaryotic cells for the…

Q: What are the reasons why bacteriophage does not infect a bacteria

A: A virus that infect bacteria are known as bacteriophage.

Q: Please give reasons why  bacteriophage would not infect a bacteria

A: Bacteria are unicellular microscopic organisms that live in wide variety of environment. Bacteria…

Q: S. aureus is gram positive. What differences in strains might account for differences in phage…

A: Bacteria are microscopic single-celled organisms that thrive in diverse environmental conditions.…

Q: Why is it necessary for some ssDNA viruses to manufacture a replicative form?

A: A gene is the fundamental physical and functional unit of heredity. Genes are comprised of DNA…

Q: During the lysogenic cycle of lambda (A) phage the phage genome is integrated in the host chromosome…

A: Bacteriophage are those viruses which are found to be in fact to the bacterial cell.

Q: The following are lambda phage gene deletions. What lambda lifestyle will result from each deletion?…

A: Lambda phage is a enterobacteria phage that is responsible for E.coli infection   It has a double…

Q: what is the explanation for bacteriophage specificity when it comes to infecting specific bacterium

A: A bacteriophage is a virus that infects bacteria and archaea and replicates within them. They are…

Q: Most temperate phages integrate into the host chromosome, whereas some replicate as plasmids. Which…

A: Temperate phages are those phages that exhibit a lysogenic life cycle. The lysogenic cycle refers to…

Q: In Conjugation,Why  a Donor TransfersDNA Directly to a Recipient?

A: The mechanism involving transfer of genetic material between species of unrelated generations is…