Biochemistry
9th Edition
ISBN: 9781319114671
Author: Lubert Stryer, Jeremy M. Berg, John L. Tymoczko, Gregory J. Gatto Jr.
Publisher: W. H. Freeman
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During periods of prolonged exercise, muscles burn fat released from adipocytes in addition to glucose. Explain how
the need for additional fatty acids by muscle is communicated to the adipocytes.
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- How many ATP are produced from the complete degradation of G3P using glycerol- three phosphate shuttle?arrow_forwardIf glucose was no longer available, pyruvate processing activity would: a. decrease b. increase c. remain the samearrow_forwardUnlike a rabbit, running all-out for a few moments to escape a predator, migratory birds require energy for extended periods of time. For example, ducks generally fly several thousand miles during their annual migration. The flight muscles of migratory birds have a high oxidative capacity and obtain the necessary ATP through the oxidation of acetyl-CoA (obtained from fats) via the citric acid cycle. Compare the regulation of muscle glycolysis during short-term intense activity, as in a fleeing rabbit, and during extended activity, as in the migrating duck. Why must the regulation in these two settings be different? Extended activity requires the highly efficient anaerobic metabolism of fats, rather than the less efficient aerobic metabolism of glucose. Extended activity requires the highly efficient aerobic oxidation of fats, rather than the less efficient anaerobic metabolism of glucose. Extended activity stimulates glycolysis because the concentrations of citrate and acetyl-CoA are…arrow_forward
- The disease beriberi, which results from a dietary deficiency of vitamin B1 (thiamine), is characterized by neurologic and cardiac symptoms, as well as increased levels of pyruvate and α-ketoglutarate in the blood. How does a deficiency of thiamine account for the increased levels of pyruvate and α-ketoglutarate?arrow_forwardFor an individual whose liver is regulated by glucagon binding, when energy is needed - what is the major carbon source used to produce acetyl CoA? Fatty acids Glucose Glyoxylate Amino acidsarrow_forwardMany diabetics do not respond to insulin because of a deficiency of insulin receptors on their cells. How does this aff ect (a) the levels of circulating glucose immediately after a meal and (b) the rate of glycogen synthesis in muscle?arrow_forward
- Glucose is stored in the liver as glycogen and is effectively the reserve required to maintain blood glucose levels for the brain. Explain how a product of the glycogen phosphorylase reaction is moved to the blood as glucose.arrow_forwardWhen a 23 Carbon fatty acid is metabolized, what is the total number of (GROSS) ATP produced ?arrow_forwardWhen does the bulk of ATP regeneration primarily occur? At rest During interval training In the glycolytic system With gluconeogenesisarrow_forward
- Eventually when glucose consumed is so low gluconeogenesis is also inhibited. Explain how this happens.arrow_forwardWhat type of regulation would be expected when anaerobic metabolism is occurring in the muscle? Select all that apply. O Activation of pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase O Increased levels of calcium to activate pyruvate dehydrogenase phosphatase O Phosphorylation of pyruvate dehydrogenase O Inhibition of pyruvate dehydrogenase complex O Increased levels of NADH to activate citrate synthase O Increased levels of NADH to inhibit alpha-ketogluterate dehydrogenase complex O Increased levels of acetyl CoA to activate pyruvate carboxylase for gluconeogenesisarrow_forwardWhich of the following conditions is most likely to force a muscle cell to metabolize glucose anaerobically(fermentation) under normal oxygenation ? - Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency - Lactate dehydrogenase deficiency -Pyruvate kinase deficiency -Aldolase deficiency - Cytososic Glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiencyarrow_forward
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