Discuss why it is important for us to conduct research at the basic level of physiology in order to better understand what makes Mycobacteria latent or grow during an infection so that we can design new and/or better treatment modalities.
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Discuss why it is important for us to conduct research at the basic level of physiology in order to better understand what makes Mycobacteria latent or grow during an infection so that we can design new and/or better treatment modalities.
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- No one would dispute the facts that the use of antibiotics is extremely beneficial. Why then are there currently discussions around the idea that we as a society should be limiting our antibiotic use? What are the pros and cons of utilizing antibacterial and antimicrobial products (NOT antibiotics) on a daily basis? Do you agree or disagree that the use of antibiotics should be reduced and if so, how should it be done?Introduction: There’s quite a bit of interest around repurposing extant drugs to treat infections by targeting host pathways that pathogens rely on. Here are a few potential drugs: 1) A drug that inhibits endocytosis, but not phagocytosis. 2) A drug that inhibits degradation of cytoplasmic proteins into smaller peptides, preventing their cycling back into amino acids. 3) A drug used to treat porphyria that reduces the reactivity of heme. 4) A drug that depletes glutathione, a chemical which protects red blood cells against the reactivity of heme. 5) A drug that reduces expression of the ACE-2 protein. Question: Pick a drug and an infection that the drug is likely to be good at treating, or pick an infection and a drug that would most likely make the infection substantially worse. Which drug and pathogen did you pick? Do you think it’ll make it better or worse?When using combination antibiotic therapy, it is important to administer drugs that work synergistically as possible. Which of the following represents a combination with known synergism? A beta-lactam and an aminoglycoside A penicillin and a cephalosporin Two drugs in which the second drug will displace the first from plasma protein-binding sites. Two drugs that are eliminated by different routes Two drugs that work on the same step in a metabolic pathway.
- The World Health Organization (WHO, 2017) haslisted six steps individualscan take to prevent and control the spread of antibiotic resistance. a.One of the recommendations is “Never demand antibiotics if your health worker says you don’t need them.”Explain why when you have a flu, your health care worker would say that you do not need antibiotics. What are the other five recommendations?Describe the different ways a disease can be transmitted? What impact do we have as human that can support the control of transmission? What tactics, skills and/or techniques will you implement going forward to help control the transmission of microbes in your daily life?Pathogens have a variety of traits that interact with a host and enable the pathogen to enter a host, adhere to host cells, gain access to nutrients, and escape detection or removal by the immune system. These traits are called virulence factors. The following enzymes and toxin can act as virulence factors and contribute to bacteria’s pathogenicity. What are the specific actions of the following enzymes and toxin that make them virulence factors? Coagulase Kinase (such as staphylokinases and streptokinases) Hyaluronidase Collagenase Cytotoxin
- One of the most common observations in many metabolic diseases is: An increase in the diversity of gut microbe species A decrease in general inflammation levels A decrease in the diversity of gut microbe species A specific causal link between a single bacterial species and a diseasePlease answer the one question below, thanks In 2013, there was an outbreak of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) at an NFL training facility. One player suffered a career-ending infection to his foot and sued the team owners for $20 million for unsanitary conditions that contributed to the bacterial infection. A settlement with undisclosed terms was reached in 2017. MRSA is highly contagious and is spread by direct skin contact or by airborne transmission and can result in amputation or death. In addition, MRSA is very difficult to treat because it is resistant to many antibiotics. For example, β-lactamβ-lactam antibiotics, such as penicillin, function by binding to and inactivating bacterial penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs), which synthesize the bacterial cell wall. However, MRSA expresses an alternative type of PBP, called PBP2a encoded by the mecA gene. β-lactamβ-lactam antibiotics only weakly bind PBP2a, and thus cell wall synthesis can continue in their…Which of the following is true of selective toxicity? O 1) It refers to the process of determining the correct dose of a particular drug O 2) To be effective, an antimicrobial agent must be more toxic to the patient than 2) the pathogen O 3) It contributes to antibiotic resistance O 4) It refers to the body's ability to protect the brain and eye 5) It takes advantage of metabolic and structural differences between host and pathogen
- The intestinal epithelium produces a variety of antimicrobial peptides that play a crucial role in establishing the balance of commensal organisms versus pathogens constituting the healthy host microbiota. Studies have found that, in Crohn's disease, individuals have dysbiosis, a condition in which there is disruption of the normal composition of the host microbiota. It is, therefore, not surprising that several cases of Crohn's disease have been linked to: Reduced recruitment of neutrophils to the intestinal mucosa O Increased IL-10 secretion by intestinal macrophages O Reduced production of IL-1-3 in response to microbial antigens O Defects in production of antimicrobial peptides in Paneth cells O Reduced number of Th17 cells in the lamina propriaWhich one of the following is not correct? * a) Biocompatibility is the ability of a material to perform within an appropriate host response. b) Bioactivity is the characteristic that not allows the material to form a bond with living tissue c) Biodegradability is the breakdown of O the implant due to chemical or cellular interaction. O d) all of aboveWe have many antimicrobial drugs to treat bacterial infections, but very few for viruses. Why is it so difficult to treat viral infections? Hint: What would the targets for the drugs be?