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- A researcher used polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to test four individual nematodes for the presence of a mutation in Gene Y. When amplified, the fragments of DNA containing the mutated gene alleles were 250 base pairs long and the normal (wild type) alleles were 350 base pairs long. To identify the genotypes of the individual nematodes, the researcher used gel electrophoresis to visualize the PCR results. 1.000 bp 500 bp 300 bp 200 bp 100 bp Remember that these nematodes are diploid organisms and as such, inherited two copies of Gene Y. Which of the following statements is a correct analysis of these results a) Nematode As homozygous for this gene and has two copies of the mutated allele. O b) Nematode C is heterozygous for this gene and has one copy of the mutated allele and one copy of the normal (wild type) allele. O) Nematode D is heterozygous for this gene and has one copy of the mutated allele and one copy of the normal (wild type) allele. ) d) Nematode B is homozygous for this…Briefly describe two scientific problems that can be addressed using the data from DNA barcoding experiments.A genetic disease is caused by a deletion in part of a gene. The deletion results in one copy of the gene being shorter whereas the other copy is normal length. In the gel below, the DNA sequences of this gene from four individuals have been amplified using PCR (the gel is loaded at the top of the tray). Lane 1 of the gel shows an individual who does not have the disease. Which of the bands represents the disease allele? A B C
- There are many applications of cloning technology. List the applications that you think are most acceptable and those that are least acceptable. Explain your reasoning.If you had the ability to do gene editing with ONE gene for the betterment of human kind, which one would you choose, and why? Assume you could either change an abnormal allele associated with a disease, such as the cystin gene associated with Cystic Fibrosis to its normal wild type, or add a pre-existing human allele to a genome.Explain why the PCR is unlikely to amplify contaminating bacterial DNA in a sample of human DNA.Explain how PCR could be used to pick a gene out of a complex genome and amplify it.
- Comparing SNPs to STR markers, which of the following are true? Select one: a. SNP loci generally have more alleles than STR loci. b. SNP loci could not be used for forensic CODIS DNA profiling. c. SNPs are not the same as microsatellite DNA. d. There are many more STR loci in the human genome than SNP markers.Contrast and compare the advantages and disadvantages of the Sanger method with next-generation sequencingExplain why a positive control and negative control are included in PCR experiments. Explain the three steps involved in each cycle of polymerase chain reaction.Why is loading dye added to the DNA sample for gel electrophoresis? Explain the function of the following components in a PCR reaction:− Primer, dNTP, MgCl, Taq polymerase, buffer.
- Describe two of the applications for genome mapping.Can DNA profiling identify the source of a sample with absolute certainty? Because any two human genomes differ at about 3 million sites, no two persons (except identical twins) have the same DNA sequence. Unique identification with DNA profiling is therefore possible if enough sites of variation are examined. However, the systems used today examine only a few sites of variation. Nonetheless, even with todays technology, which uses three to five loci, a match between two DNA patterns can be considered strong evidence that the two samples came from the same source. DNA profiling in criminal cases has been a useful tool in establishing both guilt and innocence. Originally, DNA databases contained only the profiles of convicted felons. Over time, however, law enforcement agencies have expanded the collection and use of DNA profiles, and these new policies are causing controversies, once again illustrating how the availability and use of genetic technology is often ahead of consensus on how and when this technology should be used. One of these new policies is postarrest DNA collection. At this writing, 18 U.S. states as well as the federal government allow the collection of DNA samples after an arrest but before conviction. These profiles become part of the states DNA database, which is often searched for evidence in cold cases. Courts across the country have ruled for and against the use of such samples. In 2012, the Maryland Court of Appeals ruled that the collection of DNA samples from someone who has been arrested but not convicted is unconstitutional and violates an individuals right to be free from unreasonable search and seizure. The case began when a DNA sample was taken from Alonzo Jay King, Jr., who was arrested in 2009 for assault. In a database search, the DNA profile matched that taken from a 2003 unsolved rape. Based on the results of the database search, the man was sentenced to life in prison. The rape conviction was reversed, and the case was sent back to a lower court. As a result, some 16,000 DNA profiles collected postarrest but preconviction since 2009 cannot be used pending appeal of this decision. Before the court decision, postarrest DNA profiles were used in 65 arrests that resulted in 34 convictions, with an additional 12 cases pending. Supporters of postarrest DNA profiling claim that taking a DNA sample by a cheek swab is noninvasive and no different from taking someones fingerprints. Opponents claim that because DNA samples can be used to determine much more than a DNA profile, they are a threat to privacy, and that because minorities are more likely to be arrested, the practice is discriminatory. What if you learned that law enforcement officials were saving the DNA sample for use in tests that might be developed in the future?Can DNA profiling identify the source of a sample with absolute certainty? Because any two human genomes differ at about 3 million sites, no two persons (except identical twins) have the same DNA sequence. Unique identification with DNA profiling is therefore possible if enough sites of variation are examined. However, the systems used today examine only a few sites of variation. Nonetheless, even with todays technology, which uses three to five loci, a match between two DNA patterns can be considered strong evidence that the two samples came from the same source. DNA profiling in criminal cases has been a useful tool in establishing both guilt and innocence. Originally, DNA databases contained only the profiles of convicted felons. Over time, however, law enforcement agencies have expanded the collection and use of DNA profiles, and these new policies are causing controversies, once again illustrating how the availability and use of genetic technology is often ahead of consensus on how and when this technology should be used. One of these new policies is postarrest DNA collection. At this writing, 18 U.S. states as well as the federal government allow the collection of DNA samples after an arrest but before conviction. These profiles become part of the states DNA database, which is often searched for evidence in cold cases. Courts across the country have ruled for and against the use of such samples. In 2012, the Maryland Court of Appeals ruled that the collection of DNA samples from someone who has been arrested but not convicted is unconstitutional and violates an individuals right to be free from unreasonable search and seizure. The case began when a DNA sample was taken from Alonzo Jay King, Jr., who was arrested in 2009 for assault. In a database search, the DNA profile matched that taken from a 2003 unsolved rape. Based on the results of the database search, the man was sentenced to life in prison. The rape conviction was reversed, and the case was sent back to a lower court. As a result, some 16,000 DNA profiles collected postarrest but preconviction since 2009 cannot be used pending appeal of this decision. Before the court decision, postarrest DNA profiles were used in 65 arrests that resulted in 34 convictions, with an additional 12 cases pending. Supporters of postarrest DNA profiling claim that taking a DNA sample by a cheek swab is noninvasive and no different from taking someones fingerprints. Opponents claim that because DNA samples can be used to determine much more than a DNA profile, they are a threat to privacy, and that because minorities are more likely to be arrested, the practice is discriminatory. Would you object if you were arrested for a minor offense, such as a traffic violation, and ordered to provide a DNA sample?