Describe three (3) ways in which the primary transcript is modified as it is converted to mRNA.

Outline the essential features of the three basic phases of transcription. How might each of them be targeted to regulate gene expression? Which of the three phases is the most common target of regulatory mechanisms?

You need to determine if a specific mRNA is modified. What method will you choose to determine this and why?

a. How do bacteria increase the efficiency of gene expression? Is this possible in eukaryotes? b. A mutation in the promoter of Gene K disrupts an enzyme binding site and results in the loss of Gene K expression. Is this change in gene expression likely happening at the transcriptional or the translational level? Explain. c. Propose three different mutations to prevent initiation, elongation, and termination of bacterial transcription, respectively. Explain how/why each mutation would prevent its respective step. (Hint: mutations can be in genes that encode proteins or regulatory DNA sequences)

4. a) Explain what is meant by the term "alternative splicing" b) what does it help to explain?

Explain briefly why alternative splicing is said to ‘expand the genome.’

Using the transcription unit diagrammed below, in which exons are represented by blue boxes and introns are represented by the connecting lines.  You discover a single base deletion in region E of this DNA sequence. Regarding transcription, this mutation will likely: 1.) Result in an alteration to the mRNA sequence. 2.)Have no effect on transcription or the mRNA sequence 3.)Prevent transcription at the TATAA box 4.) Result in an increase or decrease in the amount of mRNA transcribed

Give an account of post transcriptional modification of a eukaryotic Mrna?

Explain how each of the following processes complicates the concept of colinearity. Q. Alternative splicing

Transcription is currently believed to occur in bursts, whereby increased burst frequency is associated with increased promoter strength and RNA synthesis. What is the evidence that this is occurs in cells?  Describe in a stepwise detail how phase separation and condensates might contribute to the bursting phenomenon.