Describe the molecular basis of changes in the gene pool and the significance of these changes over time, including mutations and natural selection.
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Describe the molecular basis of changes in the gene pool and the significance of these changes over time, including mutations and natural selection.
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- What is the difference between a neutral and an adaptive evolutionary process? Describe two or more examples of each. At the molecular level, explain how mutations can be neutral or adaptive.Discuss the significance of mutations and explain the role of the environment in the evolutionary process. (Hint: Consider Lenski's study and what is demonstrated. Do not re-tell Lenski’s study)Describe five different scenarios where a change in DNA sequence would result in a phenotypic change at the organismal (human) level.
- Describe the mechanisms of genetic variation and the three modes of natural selection.Describe the relationship between mutations, genetic variation, natural selection, and evolution. Your description should include what a mutation is, which type of cells mutations must occur in to increase genetic variation, and how variation is required for natural selection.Describe the signiicance of mutations in terms of evolution.
- Explain gene flow as a force of evolution (how does gene flow contribute to biological change?)Molecular marker is used to determine relatedness of species which may directly or indirectly exerts an effect on diversity. A hypothetical ancestor has the following DNA sequences: G A A G C T A T T C A T T. There are two lineage with DNA sequences of G A A G G T A T T C T C G, and G A A C C T A T T C T G C. (1) Determine the percentage of A and T in the DNA sequence of the hypothetical ancestor. (2) Calculate the percentage of each nitrogenous base in the second lineage.Explain the neutral theory of molecular evolution (20%) and how you use it as a null hypothesis to detect positive selection in protein coding genes (20%)
- Describe the present day theory of evolution. Describe the 4 basic causes of evolution: natural selection, mutation, genetic drift, and gene flow. Describe how each evolutionary force can influence the allele frequencies of a population. Describe sources of evidence for evolution. Identify common misconceptions about evolution. Identify common criticisms of evolution. Describe the evolution of COVID-19.For each of the following examples, discuss whether the observed result is due to neutral mutations or mutations that have been acted on by natural selection, or both: A. When comparing sequences of homologous genes, differences in the coding sequence are most common at the wobble base (i.e., the third base in each codon). B. For a protein-encoding gene, the regions that encode portions of the polypeptide that are vital for structure and function are less likely to display mutations than other regions of the gene. C. When comparing the sequences of homologous genes, introns usually have more sequence differences than exons.In addition to physical traits, gene sequences can be used when comparing related species. Instead of looking for the presence or absence of a specific gene, you would look at the percent similarity between the same gene in two or more species. Therefore, it is important to select a gene that contains a similar DNA gene sequence in each of the species being compared. Certain genes are involved in processes that are required for basic cellular function. As these processes are critical to cell function, the genes that regulate them are highly conserved, meaning that they have remained essentially unchanged over time. Glycolysis is one such process that is critical for cellular metabolism. Glycolysis involves converting glucose into pyruvate in order to generate ATP, the energy currency of the cell. Because glycolysis is an essential process for all species, the genes involved are therefore highly conserved. You will be looking at similarities among different taxa of the highly conserved…