Describe the effect of hypernatremia onextracellular fluid volume and on intracellularfluid volume.

Q: Explain the Plasma osmolality ?

A: The system that involves all fluid contained in cells by their plasma membranes is the intracellular…

Q: Explain how sodium imbalances affect cardiac function.

A: Electrolytes are chemical substances that help to conduct electricity when dissolved in body fluids.…

Q: Define the term s cotransport?

A: Active transport moves molecules from a low concentration to a high concentration. This process…

Q: Patrick's urine sample reveals a high concentration of glucose. Is glucose normally present in…

A: According to the question, we have to mention that glucose is normally present in urine or not. In…

Q: Explain Control by Plasma Concentrations of Mineral Ions or Organic Nutrients?

A: maintain the cell component and functions, plasma controls the concentration of mineral and organic…

Q: Describe Baroreceptor Control of Vasopressin Secretion?

A: Vasopressin is a peptide hormone formed in the hypothalamus and transported to the posterior…

Q: Treatment of hypo- of potassium

A: Hypokalemia is mostly outlined as a serum potassium level of but three.5 mEq/L (3.5 mmol/L).…

Q: By how much, and in which direction, will EK be altered by (a) halving and (b) multiplying by five…

A: Answer:  POTASSIUM Equilibrium potential = This is the movement of potassium ions across the…

Q: Explain how the body detects changes in the osmolality of plasma and describe the regulatory…

A: Hypothalamus is the part of the brain which is located below the thalamus and above the pituitary…

Q: List the principal intracellular and extracellular buffers.

A: pH(potential of hydrogen/power of hydrogen) is used to measure acidity/basicity of solution by…

Q: Indicate in these situations the effect of plasma osmolarit, clinical outcome and how it can be…

A: Plasma osmolarity is an estimation of concentration of plasma which correlates to the number of…

Q: Determine main cause of Acid-Base Disturbance with compensation (if there is one) pH=7.50…

A: Acid base disturbance are common clinical conditions occurs when changes in pH due to changes or…

Q: Hypernatremia accompanied by an elevated hematocrit valueindicates what fact about body fluids?

A: Hypernatremia is a condition in which there is increased sodium level above 145 meq/L

Q: State four (4) clinical manifestations of Fluid volume deficit

A: Fluid volume deficit also called hypovolemia or a fluid volume deficiency. This mainly occurs when…

Q: main cause of Acid-Base Disturbance

A: When the normal balance between acids and bases gets altered in the human body plasma pH values…

Q: Reabsorption involves what two methods of transport? Describe each. What determines which route a…

A: The process of movement of solutes and water out of the filtrate and back into your bloodstream is…

Q: explain briefly protein buffer in the body.

A: Acid-Base Balance: Proper physiological functioning of the body depends on a tight balance between…

Q: severe ketosis situations produce acidosis, explain

A: In case of physiologic ketosis, ketones in the blood are higher above baseline levels, however, the…

Q: describe the mechanisms responsible for the medullary osmotic gradient

A: The osmotic gradient in medullary region of kidney is produced by the countercurrent multiplier…

Q: Explain the effect of no vasopressin and maximum vasopressin concentration in the blood?

A: Vasopressin is an antidiuretic  peptide hormone formed in the hypothalamus . They are transported to…

Q: Define transport maximum and renal plasma threshold. Explain why people with diabetes mellitus have…

A: Kidney helps in the purification of the blood by excreting or removing the waste from our blood in…

Q: Graph the pH scale. Label the pH values that represent normal arterial and intracellular pH.

A: pH stands for the potential of hydrogen. It can be determined by the concentration of H+ ions…

Q: Explain what is meant by fluid sequestration.

A: Maintenance of fluid in the body is an essential activity controlled by the homeostatic control…

Q: 3) Trace a drop of water through the urinary system, beginning with the plasma in the renal artery.

A: Kidneys filter fluid in the body and excrete unwanted substances from blood.  It also regulates…

Q: Which do you think would have the most serious effect,and why—a 5 mEq/L increase in the plasma…

A: Electrolytes refer to the essential mineral that possesses many biological effects on the human…

Q: Give one reason why it is important to maintain plasma osmolarity within a narrow range of values?

A: Osmolarity can be defined as the measure of solute concentration. Solute concentration can be…

Q: How does a compensated acid-base disturbance differ from an uncompensated acid-base imbalance?

A:

Q: Using the Nemst equation, what is the Eion for Chloride if the intracellular concentration is 10 mM,…

A: Q4. One ion (K+, Na+, Cl-, etc.) rarely regulates the Vm in live cells. This might be predicted by…

Q: Which are the found in extreme saline condition?

A: Prokaryotes are unicellular organisms that contain only a single cell. They are the simple cells…

Q: list three or more causes of imbalance of potassium electrolyte hyper conditions

A: The function of potassium is for muscle contractions, heart function and transmission of nerves. Few…

Q: Explain the role of each buffer system in regulation of blood, interstitial fluid, and intracellular…

A: A chemical buffer system helps in restoring the pH levels by the help of bicarbonate proteins and…

Q: List and explain the fluid pH buffering mechanisms both chemical and organ systems. There are more…

A: Buffering mechanism Buffer refers to the solution that has the ability to resist the change in pH…

Q: Explain the effect of renin on filtration.

A: The kidney is an important organ of the excretory system, and the nephron is the basic structural…

Q: Determine main cause of Acid-Base Disturbance with compensation (if there is one) pH=7.32…

A: Acid base disturbance are common clinical conditions occurs when changes in pH due to changes or…

Q: explain semisterility

A: The term sterility refers to the inability to contribute to pregnancy or unable to generate…

Q: Describe the location and components of intracellular and extracellular fluid.

A: The total body fluid consists of specific fuild compartments. these are largely separate from…

Q: Describe the distribution of sodium and water between intracellular and exracellular fluid

A: The body fluid can be classified as either extracellular or intracellular fluids. Extracellular…

Q: Explain why a dialysis solution would initially be low in urea buthigh in bicarbonate content.

A: Dialysis is a method of cleaning blood by removing waste products, contaminants and extra fluid from…

Q: What type of intravenous solution (isotonic/hypertonic/hypotonic) must be administered to a patient…

A: Asked : Type of intravenous solution to patient with polydipsia from head injury

Q: What are the situations, effects on plasma osmolarity, clinical outcome and how it can be restored…

A: OSMOLARITY  depends upon various parameters such as changes in the water content of the cell,…

Q: Describe the effect of alterations of key molecular substances such as hydrogen, chloride,…

A: Since we only answer up to 3 sub-parts, we'll answer the first 3. Please resubmit the question and…

Q: List the concentrations for interstitial and intracellular fluids of the following ions: Na…

A: Introduction The cell is the basic structural and functional unit of our body. It carries out many…

Q: Determine main cause of Acid-Base Disturbance with compensation (if there is one) pH=7.36…

A: Acid base disturbance are common clinical conditions occurs when changes in pH due to changes or…

Q: 12.49.Explain why it is essential that fl uids used in intravenous injections have approximately the…

A: Intravenous fluids (IVFs) are one of the most used medical procedures for resembling physiologic…

Q: Explain how a high concentration of sodium ions in theinterstitial fluid affects intracellular fluid…

A: Introduction of Electrolytes: These are the minerals. These are mainly present in the blood And also…

Q: Explain the composition of low osmolar infusions

A: Low osmolar infusions are rehydration salts that are used to prevent dehydration among different age…

Q: How did the cell establish the differential in the shown ion concentrations in the first place?

A: The cells in our body maintain an ionic gradient between their intracellular and extracellular…

Homeostasis

Homeostasis is a self-regulatory process through which different biological systems maintain constant internal environmental conditions to compensate for environmental changes. In human physiology, it is a process of self-regulating internal, chemical, and physical conditions at an optimal level for survival. The stability through homeostasis can be attained through dynamic equilibrium, in which there is a continuous change until it reaches its systemic conditions.