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- cap-and-trade and windfall profitsA city called Seoul is suffering from high concentrations of mercury in the air, caused by burningcoal in power plants. There are two of these plants close to the city. The city’s mayor wants touse cap-and-trade to reduce emissions to a reportedly “safe” level of 60 tons. The two firms havethe following marginal benefits of emissions: MB1 = 100 – 2e1, MB2 = 25 – 0.5e2.a. How much mercury will each firm emit? What allowance price will prevail in themarket?Firm 2 hires a smart lobbyist who convinces the government that its profits are relatively low andthat it therefore deserves a generous allowance allocation. The government agrees and allocatesa1 = 20 allowances to firm 1 (for free) and a2 = 40 allowances to firm 2 (for free).b. What are the firms’ profits? Do any of the firms earn windfall profits? [Hint: compareprofits with and without regulation.] Windfall profits have been sharply criticized by consumer advocacy groups and politicians.c. What can…. Appalachian Coal Mining believes that it can increase labor productivity and, therefore, net revenue by reducing air pollution in its mines. It estimates that the marginal cost function for reducing pollution by installing additional capital equipment is MC=40P Where P represents a reduction of one unit of pollution in the mines. It also feels that for every unit of pollution reduction the marginal increase in revenue (MR) is MR=1000-10P How much pollution reduction should Appalachian Coal Mining undertake?25. Suppose that there is a large farm and a large recreation firm located on a river. The farm is upstream of the recreational area. The farm uses the streamflow for irrigation. Let S be the amount of streamflow used by the farm and suppose its marginal benefit for irrigation is given by MB-5000-15S. Use of streamflow by the farm is costly to the recreational firm, though, because of lost opportunities for boating, fishing, and camping. Suppose this marginal cost is given by MC=5s. (a) Draw a sketch of the MB and MC curves for use of S by the farm. On your graph, show the efficient level of S by the farm. Solve for this amount from the equations. (b) If unregulated, the farm uses streamflow at a price of zero. Show on your graph what S this corresponds to. Solve for it from the equations. (c) If the government sets a tax price on streamflow, what tax price per unit of S will result in the farm using the efficient level of streamflow? Show on your graph and find with the equations. (d)…
- stion 10 « < Questi 4 points Marginal Cost to Eliminate (Dollars) Firm First Unit Second Unit Third Unit Fourth Unit A 54 67 82 107 57 68 86 108 54 66 82 107 D 62 73 91 111 The table shows the marginal costs for each of four firms (A, B, C, and D) to eliminate units of pollution from their production processes. For example, for Firm A to eliminate one unit of pollution, it would cost $54, and for Firm A to eliminate a second unit of pollution it would cost an additional If the government wanted to reduce pollution from 16 units to exactly 8 units, which of the following fees per unit of pollution would achieve that goal? 70 O 85 O 87 O 80Dollars Firm 2 60 60 MC 50 MC S0 40 40 30 30 20 20 10 10 Q1 0: Os Q, Q, Q. Q, Q, Q2 Q Q. Qs Q. Ahatemene AhstementConsider a chemical plant that discharges toxic fumes over a nearby community. To reduce the emissions of toxic fumes the firm can install pollution abatement devices. The figure below shows the marginal benefit and the marginal cost from reducing the toxic fumes emissions. Marginal benefit and marginal costs in $ A + B A + B + C B+C Po 0 8 C B A Marginal abatement cost 9 Marginal benefits of reduction 10 11 12 12.5 Reductions in toxic fumes emissions (millions of tons per year) Suppose the emissions reduction target is currently established at 8 million tons. What is the area that represents the cost of eliminating an additional 1 million tons?
- QUESTION 19 Y the cost of smokestack scrubbers (to minimize polution) is $3000 and the damage of the polution to nearty farms is $5000, what will happen (per the Coase Theorem) when property rights are glven to the factory creating the pollution? O The scrubbers will not be instaled. O The sorubbers will be instaled. O We have no way of knowing whether or not the scrubbers will be installed.500 450 The graph on the right may help in answering question 25 400 350 300 250 200 150 100 50 O 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 150 Quantity Demand MC Exter nality MC private MC Social A competitive tire manufacturing industry spews emissions into the air at47 per tire a marginal cost of 1.5-q, where q is the quantity of tires produced per month (in thousands). The industry marginal cost, excluding the cost of emissions (private marginal cost), is 4 + 4•q, expressed in $ per tire. The inverse demand curve for tires is p = 480 - 3-q, also expressed in $ per tire. In order to achieve the socially efficient level of tire production, which takes into account the optimal level of air pollution, the government levies a tax on the industry. What is the efficient pollution tax? $84 per tire $101 per tire $152 per tire Price4. The true cost of a product (such as gold bars extracted and purified from a gold mine by on- site refineries, like the Sudbury heavy metal refinery in Canada) can be calculated accurately by: A. subtracting the indirect costs from the direct costs B. adding the direct costs to the indirect costs C. considering only the indirect costs D. considering only the externalities E. considering only the direct costs
- 1. A firm's marginal abatement cost function is given by MAC = 200-5E. Suppose that, after adopting new abatement technology, the firms marginal abatement function becomes MAC = 160-4E. Costs are in dollars per tonne and emissions are in tonnes per year. The firm is given %3D 20 tradeable pollution permits (each permit allows it to emit one tonne of pollution) and the current market price per permit is $100. a)Given no change in the permit price how many tonnes of pollution will the firm emit? b)What will be the firms total abatement cost? Will it buy or sell permits and how many? c) What will be the net cost to the firm after trading? What will be the net gain to the firm from adopting the new abatement technologyQ4. (a) If you are a firm owner who is operating in the perfect competitive market, you areproducing socially efficient outcome. Does it imply that your profits are zero? If you become amonopolist then why do you deviate from the socially efficient outcome? b) In Delhi, as the winter season is approaching, how will it affect the demand function and themarket equilibrium of sweater market? Now after that if the price of wool increases how will themarket equilibrium be affected?4. When handling insects, knowing where the pests are thickest can help save on insecticide usage. But scounting for bugs also comes at a price. Determine the appropriate blend of insect scouting and insecticide to manage your insect issues on the farm. Complete the following worksheet considering the different strategies for soybean production and answer the accompanying questions. The price of insect scouting is $30 per hour and insecticide is $6 per quart. Strategy Scounting (hours) Insecticide (quarts) Input Substitution Ratio Input Price Ratio 1,200 40 600 80 300 D. 120 120 (a) What economic question/opportunity does this address? What is the appropriate decision rule for input substitution? What does that rule to seek to achieve (be more specific than saying "profit maximization")? (b) What is the profit maximizing strategy? What is the cost associated with that strategy? (c) Explain how the input price ratio will change if both input prices decrease from the initial scenario by…
