Consider the mechanism of enolase, as indicated below. Which of the followingcorrectly describes the roles of the Mg2+ as illustrated in the figure? (This is a multi-select question).Mg2+Mg2EnolasePO3-OH-C-C-HH OHHOH-N-HLys 345Glu2112-Phosphoglycerate bound to enzymeMg2+Mg2PO3-OHC-C-HOHHOHH-N*-HLys 345OGlu211Enolic intermediateHOHPO3-HPhosphoenolpyruvateThe metal ion (Mg2+) is helping to stabilize the extra negative charge thatdeveloped on the carboxyl group in the enolic intermediate.The metal ion (Mg2+) is serving as a general base, removing a proton in order toimprove the quality of the nucleophile.The metal ion (Mg2+) is assisting in the oxidation of the carboxyl carbon throughmetal ion catalysis.The metal ion (Mg2+) is helping to orient the substrate properly in the active site.The metal ion (Mg2+) is accepting a proton in order to improve the quality of theleaving group.

Before going into the solution, we should know what general base and general acid species are in…

Answered: Consider the mechanism of enolase, as…

Biochemistry

6th Edition

ISBN:9781305577206

Author:Reginald H. Garrett, Charles M. Grisham

Publisher:Reginald H. Garrett, Charles M. Grisham

Chapter18: Glycolysis

Section: Chapter Questions

Problem 18P: Distinguishing the Mechanisms of Class I and Class I Aldolases Fructose bisphosphate aldolase in...

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Using the ActiveModel for enoyl-CoA dehydratase, give an example of a case in which conserved residues in slightly different positions can change the catalytic rate of reaction.
The Reactions and Meehanisms of the Leloir Pathway Write the reactions that permit galactose to be utilized in glycolysis. Write a suitable mechanism, tor one of these reactions.
Refer to Figure, which indicates ΔG for each glycolytic reaction under intracellular conditions. Assume that glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase was inhibited with iodoacetate, which reacts with its active site cysteine sulfhydryl group. Which glycolytic intermediate would you expect to accumulate most rapidly, and why?
Write a balanced equation for each of the following reactions or reaction sequences. (a) The reaction catalyzed by PFK-2 (b) The conversion of 2 moles of oxaloacetate to glucose (c) The conversion of glucose to UDP-Glc (d) The conversion of 2 moles of glycerol toglucose (e) The conversion of 2 moles of malate to glucose-6-phosphate
Write out the balanced chemical equation for the FIRST round of oxidation of C16:cis-9.
Enolase catalyzes the reversible reaction shown below. Draw the detailed mechanism for the reaction that occurs in gluconeogenesis, namely the reaction of phosphoenolpyruvate to form 2-phosphoglycerate (the reverse direction in the reaction below).
Draw a schematic illustration of the hydrolysis of N-acetylphenylalaninamide catalyzed byalpha-chymotrypsin in which you indicate the important catalytic residues in the active site and how thesubstrate undergoes transformation to products through two different tetrahedral intermediates.
The oxidation of glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate to 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate by glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase has an unfavourable equilibrium constant (K'eq= 0.08; G′° = 6.3 kJ/mol), yet the flow at this point in the glycolytic pathway is smooth. How does the cell get out of the unfavourable equilibrium?
Consider an alternative glycolysis pathway that starts with the phosphorylation of glucose to give glucose-6-phosphate. This (hypothetical) pathway exists in a (hypothetical) organism that does not express glucose-6-phosphate isomerase. Instead, the next step of this hypothetical pathway is a Glucose-6-Phosphate Aldolase. Draw the product or products that would be obtain by the reaction of Glucose – 6 – Phosphate with Glucose – 6 Phosphate Aldolase. Assume the reaction is completely irreversible. Explain in 1-3 sentences how you obtained your answer
The clinical symptoms of two forms of galactosemia—deficiency of galactokinase or of UDPglucose: galactose 1-phosphate uridylyltransferase—show radically different severity. Although both types produce gastric discomfort after milk ingestion, deficiency of the transferase also leads to liver, kidney, spleen, and brain dysfunction and eventual death. What products accumulate in the blood and tissues with each type of enzyme deficiency? Estimate the relative toxicities of these products from the above information.
The phosphorylation and oxidative decarboxylation of oxaloacetate by inorganic phosphate (Pi) to make phosphoenolpyruvate and carbon dioxide is endergonic under intracellular conditions. It is characterized by this equation: Oxaloacetate + Pi ←→ Phosphoenolpyruvate + H2O + CO2 ΔG’ = +24.6 kJ/mol The synthesis of GTP from GDP and inorganic phosphate (Pi) in solution is endergonic under intracellular conditions, and it is characterized by this equation: GDP + Pi ←→ GTP + H2O ΔG’ = +30.5 kJ/mol Write a new net thermodynamically coupled reaction equation that describes the synthesis of phosphoenolpyruvate from oxaloacetate using the hydrolysis of GTP to power the reaction and calculate the new net ΔG’ of this reaction. Show all of your work.
One of the regulators of the TCA cycle is succinyl CoA. Discuss the rationale for this molecule to be used to regulate the TCA cycle [include chemical structures and chemical equations where appropriate]. What is an allosteric inhibitor? How does it operate? For what TCA enzymes does succinyl CoA act as an inhibitor? What is the metabolic role of succinyl CoA? So then why is this molecule a reasonable choice as an inhibitor of the TCA?

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