Should salary be tied to results, such that an executive whose company loses money should earn less than an executive whose company makes a profit? DISCUSSION CASE: AIG Bonuses and ExecutiveSalary Capsn April 2012, Forbes' magazine began its annual report on executive com-pensation with the following: "Our report on executive compensation willonly fuel the outrage over corporate greed. In 2011 the chief executives of the500 biggest companies in the U....got a collective pay raise of 16% last year,to $5.2 billion. This compares with a 3% pay raise for the average Americanworker. The total averages out to $10.5 million apiece....So much for the moralsuasion granted to shareholders last year with the first-ever say-on-pay votesfor U.S. public companies." (Forbes, April 4, 2012)Public criticism of executive compensation, especially among top execu-tives of U.S. based public-traded corporations, increased significantly followingthe economic collapse that began in 2008. For many observers, the magnitude ofexecutive pay, both in absolute terms and relative to average workers, particu-larly needed to be addressed at a time when failed management was at fault forso much public and economic harm.Perhaps no part of the financial market collapse in late 2008, and the gov-ernment bailout that followed, caused as much public outcry as did the finan-cial bonuses and compensation paid to senior executives of failed companies.American International Group (AIG) became the target of much of this criti-cism. Persuaded that AIG was "too big to fail," the U.S. federal government hadcommitted $180 billion dollars as of March 2009 to rescue AIG from bankruptcy.In early March 2009, AIG announced that it was paying $165 million in bonusesto 400 top executives in its financial division, the very unit that was at the heartof the company's collapse.AIG cited two major factors in the defense of these bonuses: they wereowed as a result of contracts that had been negotiated and signed before the col-lapse, and they were needed to provide an incentive to retain the most talentedemployees at a time when these people were most needed.Critics claimed that the bonuses were an example of corporate greed runamok. They argued that contractual obligations should have been overriddenand renegotiated at the point of bankruptcy. They also dismissed the effective-ness of the incentive argument since this supposed "talent" was responsible forthe failed business strategy that led to AIG's troubles in the first place.As part of the government bailout of AIG, Edward M. Liddy, an associate ofSecretary of the Treasury Henry Paulson, was named CEO of AIG in September2008. Former CEO Martin Sullivan resigned earlier that summer when AIG'sfinancial troubles intensified, but he did not retire without first securing a $47million severance package. In comparison, Liddy himself accepted a salary of$1, although his contract held out the possibility of future bonuses.In testimony before the U.S. Congress soon after being named CEO, Liddywas asked to explain the expense of a recent AIG-sponsored retreat for AIGsalespeople. The retreat cost AIG over $400,000 and was, in Liddy's words, a"standard practice within the industry." Six months later, when news brokeabout the $165 million bonus payments, Liddy suggested that the executives consider doing "the right thing" and return the bonuses, describing them as"distasteful."Within months of taking office, the Obama administration took steps tolimit executive compensation at firms that accepted significant govemmentbailout money, including the retirement packages of the former CEOS of Citi-group, General Motors, and Bank of America. Announcing this action, TreasurySecretary Timothy Geithner observed that "this financial crisis had many signif-icant causes, but executive compensation practices were a contributing factor."Excessive compensation for corporate executives has been a regular newsstory for more than a decade. Fortune magazine's cover story on June 15, 2001,was titled "Inside the Great CEO Pay Heist." This well-respected business maga-zine detailed how many top corporate executives now receive "gargantuan paypackages unlike any seen before." In the words of Fortune's headline, "Execu-tive compensation has become highway robbery-we all know that."" This storydocumented a phenomenon that had been growing significantly in the 1990s.In 1960 the after-tax average pay for corporate chief executive officers(CEOS) was 12 times the average pay eamed by factory workers. By 1974 thatfactor had risen to 35 times the average. In 1995, the factor had risen to 100 as es-timated by BusinessWeek, 35 times the average pay received by factory workers.A 1998 Fortune magazine article estimated the factor had risen to 182. In 2012,the Economic Policy Institute, a nonpartisan economic think tank, reported thatthis ratio had hit 231 to 1. This ratio would mean that a CEO earns in one daywhat an average American worker earns all year.At the time that the AIG bonuses were made public, the Obama adminis-tration announced a new policy that would cap pay at $500,000 for CEOS ofcompanies receiving federal bailout money. In announcing the policy, PresidentObama said, "We all need to take responsibility. And this includes executivesat major financial firms who turned to the American people, hat in hand, whenthey were in trouble, even as they paid themselves their customary lavish bo-nuses ... that's the height of irresponsibility. That's shameful. And that's ex-actly the kind of disregard for the costs and consequences of their actions thatbrought about this crisis: a culture of narrow self-interest and short-term gain atthe expense of everything else."By the end of 2009, more than 10 of the largest financial institutions that hadreceived federal bailout money, including such firms as Goldman Sachs, Citi-group, and Bank of America, had repaid their federal loans and thus avoidedthe federally mandated salary caps.

* No , For effective performance of any business organization in a longer run it is not feasible to…

consider doing "the right thing" and return the bonuses, describing them as "distasteful." Within months of taking office, the Obama administration took steps to limit executive compensation at firms that accepted significant government bailout money, including the retirement packages of the former CEOS of Citi- group, General Motors, and Bank of America. Announcing this action, Treasury Secretary Timothy Geithner observed that "this financial crisis had many signif- icant causes, but executive compensation practices were a contributing factor." Excessive compensation for corporate executives has been a regular news story for more than a decade. Fortune magazine's cover story on June 15, 2001, was titled "Inside the Great CEO Pay Heist." This well-respected business maga- zine detailed how many top corporate executives now receive "gargantuan pay packages unlike any seen before." In the words of Fortune's headline, "Execu- tive compensation has become highway robbery-we all know that."' This story documented a phenomenon that had been growing significantly in the 1990s. In 1960 the after-tax average pay for corporate chief executive officers (CEOS) was 12 times the average pay earned by factory workers. By 1974 that factor had risen to 35 times the average. In 1995, the factor had risen to 100 as es- timated by BusinessWeek, 35 times the average pay received by factory workers. A 1998 Fortune magazine article estimated the factor had risen to 182. In 2012, the Economic Policy Institute, a nonpartisan economic think tank, reported that this ratio had hit 231 to 1. This ratio would mean that a CEO earns in one day what an average American worker earns all year. At the time that the AIG bonuses were made public, the Obama adminis- tration announced a new policy that would cap pay at $500,000 for CEOS of companies receiving federal bailout money. In announcing the policy, President Obama said, "We all need to take responsibility. And this includes executives at major financial firms who turned to the American people, hat in hand, when they were in trouble, even as they paid themselves their customary lavish bo- nuses ... that's the height of irresponsibility. That's shameful. And that's ex- actly the kind of disregard for the costs and consequences of their actions that brought about this crisis: a culture of narrow self-interest and short-term gain at the expense of everything else." By the end of 2009, more than 10 of the largest financial institutions that had received federal bailout money, including such firms as Goldman Sachs, Citi- group, and Bank of America, had repaid their federal loans and thus avoided the federally mandated salary caps.