Label the X and Y axis of the graph. You will be plotting the Deer Population between the years of 1900 and 1940. Using your first colored pencil, draw in the carrying capacity of the deer. Label this line "Average Carrying Capacity." Using your second colored pencil, graph the data from Table 1.
Population Growth
R and K Selection
R and K selection are concepts in ecology used to describe traits in the fluctuation of a population or population dynamics. For example, they describe the life-association traits between parent and offspring, such as quantity or number of young ones born at a time, quality of parental care, the age to maturity, and reproductive effort.
LAB: THE LESSON OF THE KAIBAB
INTRODUCTION:
The environment may be changed by the things within the biotic community, as well as relationship between organisms and the nonliving environment. The
OBJECTIVES
- Graph data on the Kaibab deer population of Arizona from 1905-1939.
- Analyze the factors that caused the changes in the deer population.
PROCEDURE:
Before 1905, there was an estimated 4000 deer on almost 30,000 hectacres of land on the Kaibab Plateau in Arizona. The average carrying capacity of the land at that time was estimated to be about 30,000 deer. Being concerned about the low number of deer, President Theodore Roosevelt created the Grand Canyon National Game Preserve to protect what he called the "finest deer herd in America." He did this on November 28, 1906.
Unfortunately, by this time, the Kaibab forest area had already been overgrazed by sheep, cattle and horses. Most of the grasses - the main source of food for the Kaibab deer - were gone. The first step to protect the deer was to ban all hunting. In addition, in 1907, the Forest Service tried to kill all predators of the deer. Between 1907-1939, 816 mountain lions, 20 wolves, 7388 coyotes, and more than 500 bobcats were killed. All of these animals had been predators of the deer.
- Label the X and Y axis of the graph. You will be plotting the Deer Population between the years of 1900 and 1940.
- Using your first colored pencil, draw in the carrying capacity of the deer. Label this line "Average Carrying Capacity."
- Using your second colored pencil, graph the data from Table 1.
- Answer the analysis questions 1-4.
Signs that the deer population was out of control began to show up as early as 1920 - the area was beginning to worsen quickly. The Forest Service reduced the number of permits it issued for livestock grazing. By 1923, the deer were close to starvation and the area conditions were horrible.
A Kaibab Deer Investigating Committee suggested that all livestock not owned by local people be removed from the area right away and that the number of deer be cut in half as quickly as possible. Hunting was reopened, and during the fall of 1924, 675 deer were killed by hunters. However, the 675 deer represented only 1/10 the number of deer that were born that spring.
- Using a third colored pencil, plot the data from Table 2 on your graph.
- Create a title for the completed graph.
- Answer the analysis questions 5-6.
Today the Arizona Game Commission carefully manages the Kaibab area with rules that have local needs in mind. Hunting permits are issued to keep the deer in balance with the area. Predators are protected to help keep herds in balance with food supplies. Tragic winter losses can be kept under control only by keeping the number of deer near or below the carrying capacity of the range.
- Answer the rest of the analysis questions.
DATA:
|
Deer Population from 1905-1924 |
|
|
Year |
Number of Deer |
|
1905 |
4,000 |
|
1910 |
9,000 |
|
1915 |
25,000 |
|
1920 |
65,000 |
|
1924 |
100,000 |
|
Deer Population from 1925-1939 |
|
|
Year |
Number of Deer |
|
1925 |
60,000 |
|
1926 |
40,000 |
|
1927 |
37,000 |
|
1928 |
35,000 |
|
1929 |
30,000 |
|
1930 |
25,000 |
|
1931 |
20,000 |
|
1935 |
18,000 |
|
1939 |
10,000 |
ANALYSIS
- In 1906 and 1907, what two methods did the Forest Service use to protect the Kaibab deer?
- How many total predators were removed from the preserve between 1907 and 1939?_____________
- Compare the deer herd to the carrying capacity of the area:
- In 1915___________________________________________
- In 1920___________________________________________
- In 1924___________________________________________
- Did the Forest Service program seem to be a success between 1905 and 1924? Explain your answer.
- Why do you think the population of deer decreased in 1925, even though the predators were being removed?
- Do you think anything happened to the carrying capacity of the area from 1900 to 1940? Explain your
Why do you think the population of deer in 1900 was only 4,000 when the range was thought to have a carrying capacity of 30,000 deer? - If humans had not interfered with the deer population, what do you think would have happened to the deer after 1900?
What major lessons were learned from the Kaibab deer experience?
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The resources present in the ecosystem are utilised by all the organisms that grow and thrive in the ecosystem. Since the resources present are limited the environment can support only a limited number of organisms. The maximum number of organisms that the environment can support is called the carrying capacity. Above the carrying capacity, there is completion for the limited resources.
1.
When we see the data representing the deer population from 1905-1939 we see that there has been a rapid increase in the deer population initially and then the population falls down drastically.
- In the year 1915
The carrying capacity for the Kaibab deer population was 30.000 deers for 30,000 hectares of land. If the see the deer population in the year 1915 the population was 25000 which was very near to the carrying capacity. But still, the number was below the carrying capacity indicating the environment could still sustain their growth, and there would have been not much competition for the resources as the population was less.
- In the year 1920
During the year 1920, there was a rapid increase in the dear population. The number of deers present was almost double the carrying capacity of the environment. The deer population grew so rapidly because their natural predators were removed from the area increasing their chances of survival and also hunting of the deers were also banned dung that time period.
- In the year 1924
In the year 1924, the number of deer reached 100,000 which was more than 3 times the carrying capacity. This was the highest number of deer that were recorded in that Arizona area ( as the tabular data suggests).
Step 3
5.The main aim of the forest service was to protect the Kaibab deer and increase their population as there was only 4000 deer present on almost 30,000 hectares of land on the Kaibab Plateau in Arizona. To achieve this the forest service banned the hunting of deer and also removed any natural predators of deer present in that area.
Yes, this program of forest service was successful as there was a rapid increase in the deer population. Within a span of just two decades, the deer population amplified. Initially where the deer population was just 4000 in the beginning reached 1000000 by the end of 1924.
Step 4
6. By the year 1924, the deer population was at its highest peak. But such a large population leads to intraspecific competition for resources in the area. Since the carrying capacity was only 30,000 and the deer population was much above the carrying capacity there was a rapid decline in the population. The main reasons that can be included are-
- intraspecific competition ( competition between the deers)
- limited resources
- limited land area for survival but more individuals present
- Do you think anything happened to the carrying capacity of the area from 1900 to 1940? Explain your
Why do you think the population of deer in 1900 was only 4,000 when the range was thought to have a carrying capacity of 30,000 deer? - If humans had not interfered with the deer population, what do you think would have happened to the deer after 1900?
What major lessons were learned from the Kaibab deer experience?
- Do you think anything happened to the carrying capacity of the area from 1900 to 1940? Explain your
by Bartleby ExpertINTRODUCTION:
The environment may be changed by the things within the biotic community, as well as relationship between organisms and the nonliving environment. The
OBJECTIVES
- Graph data on the Kaibab deer population of Arizona from 1905-1939.
- Analyze the factors that caused the changes in the deer population.
PROCEDURE:
Before 1905, there was an estimated 4000 deer on almost 30,000 hectacres of land on the Kaibab Plateau in Arizona. The average carrying capacity of the land at that time was estimated to be about 30,000 deer. Being concerned about the low number of deer, President Theodore Roosevelt created the Grand Canyon National Game Preserve to protect what he called the "finest deer herd in America." He did this on November 28, 1906.
Unfortunately, by this time, the Kaibab forest area had already been overgrazed by sheep, cattle and horses. Most of the grasses - the main source of food for the Kaibab deer - were gone. The first step to protect the deer was to ban all hunting. In addition, in 1907, the Forest Service tried to kill all predators of the deer. Between 1907-1939, 816 mountain lions, 20 wolves, 7388 coyotes, and more than 500 bobcats were killed. All of these animals had been predators of the deer.
- Label the X and Y axis of the graph. You will be plotting the Deer Population between the years of 1900 and 1940.
- Using your first colored pencil, draw in the carrying capacity of the deer. Label this line "Average Carrying Capacity."
- Using your second colored pencil, graph the data from Table 1.
- Answer the analysis questions 1-4.
Signs that the deer population was out of control began to show up as early as 1920 - the area was beginning to worsen quickly. The Forest Service reduced the number of permits it issued for livestock grazing. By 1923, the deer were close to starvation and the area conditions were horrible.
A Kaibab Deer Investigating Committee suggested that all livestock not owned by local people be removed from the area right away and that the number of deer be cut in half as quickly as possible. Hunting was reopened, and during the fall of 1924, 675 deer were killed by hunters. However, the 675 deer represented only 1/10 the number of deer that were born that spring.
- Using a third colored pencil, plot the data from Table 2 on your graph.
- Create a title for the completed graph.
- Answer the analysis questions 5-6.
Today the Arizona Game Commission carefully manages the Kaibab area with rules that have local needs in mind. Hunting permits are issued to keep the deer in balance with the area. Predators are protected to help keep herds in balance with food supplies. Tragic winter losses can be kept under control only by keeping the number of deer near or below the carrying capacity of the range.
Note:
Since you have posted a question with multiple sub-parts, we will solve the first three sub-parts for you. To get the remaining sub-part solved please repost the complete question and mention the sub-parts to be solved.
Answer the rest of the analysis questions.
- Compare the deer herd to the carrying capacity of the area:
- In 1915___________________________________________
- In 1920___________________________________________
- In 1924___________________________________________
- Did the Forest Service program seem to be a success between 1905 and 1924? Explain your answer.
- Why do you think the population of deer decreased in 1925, even though the predators were being removed?
- Do you think anything happened to the carrying capacity of the area from 1900 to 1940? Explain your
- Why do you think the population of deer in 1900 was only 4,000 when the range was thought to have a carrying capacity of 30,000 deer?
- If humans had not interfered with the deer population, what do you think would have happened to the deer after 1900?
What major lessons were learned from the Kaibab deer experience?
by Bartleby Expert
