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6. "Coated pits" are formed as a result of
a. clathrin triskelions
b. clustering of v-SNAREs on the surface of the plasma membrane
c. endocytosis of ER resident proteins carrying the KDEL sequence
d. clustering of cell surface receptors bound to their ligands
e. acidification of late endosomes.
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- All of the following are true of integrins except (a) they are receptor proteins (b) they help organize the cytoskeleton (c) they are part of the ECM (d) they are important in cell signaling (e) they are located in the plasma membrane8) Indicate which of the five major types of membrane protein (adhesion, enzymatic, recognition, receptor, and transport) is most likely to be involved in each of the situations described below: a) An oncologist wants to study the cells from a certain tumour that has been surgically removed from a patient. However, she must first treat the tumour with a solution affects a membrane protein on the tumour cells. Because of the effect of the solution on the membrane protein, the tumour tissue falls apart into individual cells. Type of membrane protein: b) Farmer Jebediah wakes up in the morning and makes himself an extra-strong coffee. The caffeine in the coffee attaches to a protein in the plasma membrane of his neurons, inducing a signal transduction cascade and causing Farmer Jebediah to be more alert Type of membrane protein:3. The role of the cytoskeleton in Hedgehog signaling (actin rearrangements, microtubules)a. The Smoothened protein localizes to the primary cilium of the target cells. Suppose there is amutation that impairs a protein involved in basal body formation. How do you think would thisaffect signaling through Smoothened? Make sure to define basal body, explain its function, andrelate it to Smoothened signaling. b. Cos2 and Fu bind to microtubules, localizing Ci/Gli to the cytoplasm. How do you think a mutationin a microtubule associated protein (MAP) that functions to stabilize microtubules would affectboth the microtubules and Hedgehog signaling? Make sure to describe the role of the protein,regulation of microtubule dynamics, and how this might affect cells when Hedgehog is bothpresent and absent.
- 14) Which of the following correctly ranks the steps in the secretory pathway? 1. Active PKA subunits phosphorylate targets in the cell, regulating function. 2. The catalytic subunits of PKA dissociate. 3. Gprotein a subunit exchanges bound GDP for GTP. 4. CAMP binds to the regulatory subunits of PKA, activating it. 5. Ga subunit dissociates from complex and activates adenylate cyclase. 6. Ligand (hormone) binds to receptor. 7. Activated adenylate cyclase produces CAMP from ATP.Match the letter in the diagram with the accumulation or localization of active (or about to be active) protein in a given cellular context, which is wild-type unless specified. CYTOSOL EXTRACELLULAR SPACE A 1. M6P receplor bound to ligand 2. a protein with an (N-SIG] only in a class E yeast mutant 3. plasma membrane v-SNARE 4, clathrinMany common medications function by interrupting the normal operation of certain signal transduction pathways. Which of the following describes a possible mechanism by which a certain medication may interrupt a signal transduction pathway? A A medication enters the target cell and triggers apoptosis by causing the release of di- gestive enzymes from cell lysosomes. B A medication interacts with the phospholipid bi-layer of the cell membrane and in- creases its permeability. с D A medication binds to membrane-bound glucose proteins and acts as an allosteric in- hibitor that prevents the intake of glucose by the cell. A medication diffuses through the membrane of a target cell and inhibits an enzyme that normally synthesizes a second messenger.
- 1d. The csRH mRNA and protein are represented in the diagram below. MRNA 5' AUG 3' ribosome protein signal kinase transmembrane ligand binding domain DNA binding domain sequence domain domain cytoplasm plasma membrane extracellular fluid i. In the boxes on the image, label the N and C termini of the csRH protein. of the csRH protein must be cleaved off before it can be ii. The trafficked along the to the cell membrane. iii. On the schematic above, draw the csRH protein as you would find it at the plasma membrane. Be sure to label the N and C termini of the protein you draw to indicate its orientation. iv. Which protein domains would you NOT expect to find as part of the intracellular hormone H receptor protein icRH?7.The APC protein ----. a. is essential for degrading B-catenin. b. causes increased activation of B-catenin c. helps to regulate cell motility d. a and c e. b and c 8. Which of the following statements is NOT true of the pRb protein? a. pRb is functionally inactive when it is hyperphosphorylated. b. RRb is mostly unphosphorylated during the G0 phase of the cell cycle. c. pRb promotes growth during early G1 phase. d. RRb phosphorylation is initiated by D-type cyclins and CDK4/6. e. pRb is functionally inactivated at the R point. 9. In a normal cell, signals from the external environment determine whether the cell will proliferate during what phase(s) of the cell cycle? a. The S phase only b. The G1 phase only c. The G2 phase only d. All phases of the cell cycle3. Researchers have identified clathrin-coated vesicles that mediate endocytosis and TGN-to-endosome transport, as well as COPII vesicles that mediate ER-to-Golgi transport, as well as COPI vesicles that mediate intra-Golgi transport and Golgi-to-ER transport.But no one has yet identified a general-purpose coat protein involved in creating the secretory vesicles that travel from the TGN to the plasma membrane. Do you think such a coat protein is likely to exist? Explain.