Certain types of cancerous lung tumors can secrete hormones normally made by the pancreas, adrenal gland, and hypothalamus. What prevents such secretion of happening in healthy cells?
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Certain types of cancerous lung tumors can secrete hormones normally made by the pancreas, adrenal gland, and hypothalamus. What prevents such secretion of happening in healthy cells?
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- Because of oxygen and nutrient requirements, cells in a tissue must reside within 100 μm of a blood vessel. Based on this information, explain why many malignant tumors often possess gain-of-function mutations in one of the following genes: βFGF, TGF-α, and VEGF.A tumor cannot grow to be very large without the development of new blood vessels (angiogenesis) to provide access to oxygen and nutrients. During the 1990s, it was discovered that Factor X stimulates the proliferation and migration of the cells that form blood vessels, thereby inducing the formation of new blood vessels. Factor X binds to specific receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) on the cell surface and causes the RTKs to dimerize and become active, initiating an intracellular signaling cascade that stimulates cell division and inhibits apoptosis. Many cancer cells secrete high levels of Factor X, and increased Factor X expression in a tumor is correlated with a poor medical outcome for the patient. Some evidence suggests that blocking Factor X-dependent signaling may prevent the formation of new blood vessels and lead to the death of immature blood vessels without disturbing mature blood vessels. You work for a biotechnology company that seeks to create anticancer drugs that…Diabetes Mellitus is a condition characterised by the inability to effectively transport glucose from the bloodstream into cells, often resulting in high blood glucose levels. This is either because a person's pancreas is not producing sufficient amounts of insulin, the hormone that facilitates glucose uptake, or because their cells don't respond normally to the insulin they produce. Type 1 Diabetes (approximately 10% of all Diabetes cases) is an autoimmune disease, thought to be triggered by the interaction of genetic and environmental factors. Type 2 Diabetes (85-90% of all cases), while having a genetic component, is largely associated with poor nutritional choices and lack of exercise. Figure 1. Australians diagnosed with diabetes by age group in 2007-08 (Australian Institute of Health and Welfare 2011) -Proportion (%) with dlabetes in each age group 18% 16% 14% 12% 10% 8% 6% 4% | 2% 0% 0-34 6£-s£ 40-44 45-49 50-54 55-59 60-64 Age group (years) 65-69 70-74 75-79 +08 160,000 140,000…
- Although cancer is not a contagious disease in humans or other vertebrates, there have been rare cases in which cancers have spread from one organism to another. Describe three cases of these contagious cancers and what conditions might have led to their appearance. For an introduction to this topic, see http:// www.cancer.org/cancer/cancerbasics/is-cancer-contagious.Platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) is, as its name suggests, stored in and secreted by platelets. Platelets release PDGF in the vicinity of wounds as part of their participation in the clotting response. PDGF, in turn, stimulates the proliferation of nearby fibroblasts, which help in the wound healing process. When, however, the PDGF gene is mutated or inappropriately expressed, it can lead to cancer. Why, then, does the wound healing response not lead to similar uncontrolled cell division?In a rare inherited disorder, called Wilson’s disease, excessive amounts of copper accumulate in liver and brain tissue. A prominent symptom of the disease is the deposition of copper in greenishbrown layers surrounding the cornea, called Kayser–Fleischer rings. A defective ATP-dependent protein that transports copper across cell membranes causes Wilson’s disease. Apparently, the copper transport protein is required to incorporate copper into ceruloplasmin and to excrete excess copper. In addition to a diet low in copper, Wilson’s disease is treated with zinc sulfate and the chelating agent penicillamine (p. 148). Describe how these treatments work. [Hint: Metallothionein has a greater affinity for copper than for zinc.]
- Hereditary retinoblastoma generally affects children in both eyes, while spontaneous retinoblastoma usually occurs during adulthood only in one eye. Explain the genetic basis for the epidemiological distinction between these two forms of retinoblastoma. Explain the apparent paradox: loss-of-function mutations in tumor-suppressor genes act recessively, yet hereditary retinoblastoma is inherited as an autosomal dominant.Herceptin is an antibody that is used to treat certain forms of breast cancer by binding to a class of estrogen receptors. What is the basis for its effectiveness in treating certain forms of breast cancer?TGF-β1 is a protein that affects cell growth and differentiation. Scientists conducted an experiment where epithelial cells were treated with transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF-β1) in the laboratory. At the end of the experiment, the epithelial cells had transformed through several stages from epithelial cells to embryonic stem cells (ESCs) to neural progenitor cells (NPCs), and finally to cortical neurons (CNs). The scientists observed the transformation of the cells by analyzing gene expression at certain stages (M1-M7) and determined the relative gene expression level, as shown in the graph. The graph shows the relative gene expression level for cells at different stages of differentiation. Which of the following claims could account for the differences in gene expression at each stage of cell differentiation, and how does this correlate with the distance of the genes on the chromosome? A - Cell differentiation is controlled by RNA translation, but there is no…
- Individuals with the hereditary disorder ataxia telangiectasia suffer from neurodegeneration, immunodeficiency, and an increased incidence of cancer. The genetic basis for ataxia telangiectasia is a loss-of-function mutation in the gene encoding ATM (ATM; ataxia telangiectasia mutated). Besides p53, what other substrate is phosphorylated by ATM? How does the phosphorylation of this substrate lead to inactivation of CDKs to enforce cell cycle arrest?TSC acts as a tumor suppressor by continually suppressing mTOR and must be inhibited in order for mTOR to be active. True or false, explain whyWhich of the following statements is true? Question 2 options: a) All cells will respond to the hormonal signal because hormones are broadcast throughout the body. b) The regulation of inflammatory responses at the site of an infection is an example of paracrine signaling. c) Paracrine signaling involves the secretion of stimuli into the bloodstream for distribution throughout the organism. d) The axons of neurons typically signal target cells using membrane-bound signaling molecules that act on receptors in the target cells.