Briefly present the mechanism of action of inhibitors of intracellular signaling used for antineoplastic therapy

Based on data, which aptamer would consider to be the primary receptor for the FGF5 ligand? Explain your answer.

Using molecular cloning, a hybrid receptoer is produced that consists of the extracellular domain of the B-adrenergic receptor (B-AR) and the transmembrane and intracellular domains of the EGF receptor (EGFR). Question: What is the stoichiometric ratio of epinephrine to the hybrid receptor (B-AR-EGFR)? 1:1 O 1:4 O 1:2 2:1 O O O

Biologic agents can block cell migration to sites of inflammation and reduce immune responses.  Natalizumab is a humanized monoclonal antibody directed at the a4-integrin protein, a subunit of VLA-4, the binding partner of VCAM-1 expressed on endothelium in the central nervous system, and of a4b-integrin, the binding partner of MadCAM-1 expressed on endothelium in the gut. While natalizumab has had great success in alleviating the symptoms of autoimmune diseases such as multiple sclerosis and Crohn’s disease, a small number of patients have acquired life threatening infections of the neurotrophic virus, JC. Why are patients on natalizumab particularly susceptible to a virus infection of the central nervous system?