Blocking the ability of DNA methyltransferases to target the glucocorticoid receptor gene would likely result in higher expression of these receptors
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- Some elongation factors are evolutionarily related to the G-proteins involved in signal transduction. Provide a possible reason why this is the case.Increased ROS levels are a hallmark for Alzheimer's Disease. This is accurately described by all but which of the following statements? ROS production is upregulated because of the activity of the enzyme NADPH oxidase Oxidative phosphorylation is increased, leading to enhanced ROS generation via the ETC Amyloid precursor protein is converted in higher amounts to the amyloid peptide facilitating greater amounts of aggregation BACE1 levels are transcriptionally increased via hypoxia inducible factor Mitochondrial pyruvate flux is reduced 00000Describe the steps that need to occur for the glucocorticoid receptor to bind to a GRE.
- Suppose that in the formation of phenylalanine hydroxylase mRNA, the exons of the pre-mRNA fail to splice together properly and the resulting enzyme is nonfunctional. This produces an accumulation of high levels of phenylalanine and other compounds, which causes neurological damage. What phenotype would be produced in the affected individual?GC (Glycocorticoids) binds to the glucocorticoid receptor (GR), which leads to the transcription of a series of genes (PC, PCK1, FBP1, PFKFB1, G6PC and G6P transporter (SLC37A4)) involved in gluconeogenesis. What type of receptor is GR? Where would you expect the activated GR to be located to enhance the expression of the gluconeogenic genes? Which cis-acting elements are used by GR as an activator to turn gene transcription “on”?Explain why in cells that are genetically NF1–/–, basal levels of GTP-bound activated Ras are higher than normal and respond to growth factor stimulation by increasing rapidly to far higher levels.
- Mutations/deficiencies in protein components of the ECM, CAMS, and cell junctions are involved in the expression of some human diseases. List and describe these pathologies in the table below. An example is given in the fırst row. Name of disease Symptoms Molecular Basis of Disease Severe vitamin C deficiency is caused by ascorbic acids' role in collagen synthesis. Vitamin C allows Anemia, debility, exhaustion, spontaneous hydroxylation and crosslinking of pro-collagen bleeding, pain in the limbs, and especially catalyzed by lysyl hydroxylase. Lack of vitamin C decreases transcription of pro-collagen. Additionally, a lack of ascorbic acid leads to epigenetic DNA hypermethylation and inhibits the transcription of various types of collagen found in skin, blood vessels, the legs, swelling in some parts of the body, and sometimes ulceration of the gums and loss of teeth Scurvy and tissue. 1 2 3 5 4.Through recombinant DNA methods, a modified steroid hormone receptor was prepared that consists of an estrogen receptor with its ligand-binding domain replaced by the ligandbinding domain from the progesterone receptor. Predict the expected responsiveness of gene expression for cells treated with estrogen or with progesterone.What is meant by intrinsic GTPase activity? Exchange of GDP for GTP on the a-subunit of the G protein Inhibition of GBCR receptor activity Activation of Adenylyl Cyclades Breakdown of cAMP by phosphodiesterase Spontaneous hydrolysis of GTP on the a-subunit of the G-protein
- Which of the following statements is FALSE? The mammalian glucocorticoid receptor Choose one of the answers below awaits the steroid hormone at the cell surface and is internalized into the cytoplasm upon glucocorticoid binding. is a hormone-dependent transcription factor. may act as an activator or repressor of transcription depending on the promoter it acts on. is sequestered in the cytoplasm by HSP90 as long as the glucocorticoid is absent. does not require phosphorylation by protein kinase A to bind DNA.Phorbol esters have been observed to induce the transcription of AP-1–influenced genes. Explain how this processcould occur. What are the consequences of AP-1 transcription? What role does intermittent exposure to phorbol estershave on an individual’s health?In response to nitric oxide signaling in the male genitalia, GTP is cyclized to produce 3’-5’ cyclic GMP (cGMP): cGMP stimulates vasodilation and produces an erection. Viagra (Sildenafil) is a selective inhibitor of cGMP-specific phosphodiesterase type 5 (PDE5), which is responsible for degradation of cGMP. Based on this information, do you expect that Viagra can produce a spontaneous erection in the absence of a stimulus? Provide a short (one sentence) rationale for your answer