ATP provides chemical power to biological systems. • Explain WHY we need ATP (for what type of reactions/activities) • Diagram How ATP is used in the ATP cycle • What events make ATP in the matrix of the mitochondria
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- • Select the answers below as they pertain to the indicated pathway. • Note: for the NET ATP yield include any and all ATP equivalents generated in a particular pathway(i.e. ATP, GTP). This should include the oxidation of reducing equivalents that may be generated in the pathway. • Assume that NADH=2.5 ATP and FADH2=1.5 ATP • Assume the carbon reactants are each going through the pathway once. Pathway Net Carbon Reaction Net ATP 40 Acetyl-CoA ---> The Citric Acid Cycle 200 v ATP 80 v CO2 Complete net reaction: acetyl-CoA + GDP + P; + 3 NAD* + FAD ---> 2 CO, + CoA + GTP + 3 NADH + FADH Next • Previous Quiz saved at 4:45pm Submit Quiz PrtScn F8 Home F9 End F10 DII F5 F6 F7 SC F2 F3 F4 23 24 3. 4. 6 7 8 2Biochemists working with isolated mitochondria recognize five energy "states" of mitochondria, depending on the presence or absence of essential substrates for respiration-O, ADP, oxidizable substrates, and so forth. The characteristics of each state are: state 1: mitochondria alone (in buffer containing P;) state 2: mitochondria + substrate, but respiration low due to lack of ADPFollow the CARBON and WHERE IS THE ENERGY! Starting with the carbon in the glucose molecules, show how ONE glucose: 1) gets into the cell 2) What it is converted into through GLYCOLYSIS 3) What happens after that and how any relevant molecules get into the mitochondria to go into the KREBS CYCLE (Citric Acid Cycle) 4) In your schematic ACCOUNT FOR ALL 6 Carbons in the glucose and show what they end up as and where they go 5) Describe ALL transport processes you use as either ACTIVE or PASSIVE as you move any molecules into and around the cell and into and around the mitochondria R 6) WHERE IS THE ENERGY FROM THE METABOLIZED CARBON! Draw the molecules/processes that contain the energy **draw in any proteins, ions, molecules, etc. that you need in order to complete the exercise. Label any proteins that you add to the diagram
- § What is ATP? How can we create it? How is it broken down?§ What is the importance of NAD & FAD+ (oxidants) and NADH and FADH2 (reactants)?§ What is cellular respiration?o What are the different types of reactions involved?Review your understanding of glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation by classifying each characteristic below according to its pathway for cellular energy transfer. Enzyme location: Mitochondrial matrix Final product: Pyruvate (under aerobic conditions) Entering substrates: Acetyl coenzyme A and some amino acid intermediates ATP production: 3 ATP from each NADH + H+ and 2 ATP from each FADH2 Entering substrates: glucose and other monosaccharides Final product 2 CO2 for each acetyl coenzyme A Final product: Intermediates used for amino acid/organic molecule synthesis Enzyme location: Cytosol Coenzyme production: 3 NADH + 3H- and 1 FADH2 Coenzyme production: 2 NADH + 2 H (under aerobic conditions) ATP production: 2 per glucose molecule ATP production: 1 GTP formed directly can be converted to ATP Entering substrates Hydrogen ions and molecular oxygen Final product H2O - one molecule for each pair of hydrogen ions Enzyme location: Inner mitochondrial membrane Final…The diagram below shows the mitochondrial electron transport chain. Work with your team to add the following labels •Complexes I-IV and ATP synthase NADH and NAD+ Figure 7.10b Biology: How Life Works, Second Edition 2016 Macmillan Education H* Gradient: Reduction of O₂: mugit's For each poison, assess impact on (1) input (NADH, electrons); (2) H+ gradient; (3) reduction of oxygen; (4) ATP synthase; and finally, do you predict it to be fatal to humans?. 1. Cyanide: binds to Cytochrome C (complex IV), and deactivates it. NADH levels: ATP Synthase: Fatal? •FADH2 and FAD O2 and H2O •ATP, ADP, and Pi •H+ and electrons •Matrix, cytoplasm, and intermembrane space.
- Macmillan Learning Write equations for the hydrolysis of ATP and ADP. Use abbreviations such as ATP for adenosine tripho Feedback represent inorganic phosphate. hydrolysis of ATP: hydrolysis of ADP: Incorrect Incorrect ADP + P. AMP + P₁ O Macmillan Learning Hydrolysis is a reaction in which a large molecule is split into two smaller molecules upon the addition of water, H₂O. Adenosine triphosphate, ATP, has one more inorganic phosphate group than does adenosine diphosphate, ADP. ADP has two phosphate groups, whereas adenosine monophosphate, AMP, has one. Consider whether P; should be placed on the left or the right side of the reaction arrow in each reaction.CHCASE Dashboard A student conducts two experiments to observe the effects of different factors on ATP production during aerobic cellular respiration. In the first experiment, the student isolates mitochondria in a test tube, adds oxygen to the test tube, and measures the amounts of ATP produced at three temperatures. In a second experiment, the student keeps the temperature the same and varies the concentration of oxygen added to the test tube for each trial, The student records all data in the table shown. Ite Ite Ite Experiment Trial Temperature Oxygen Concentration (°C) ATP Produced (mol/L) (mol/L) Iter 1 25 15 1.5 Iter 1 30 15 1.8 Item 35 15 2.6 Iter 35 25 3.5 Iter 2 2 35 35 3.8 Item 3 35 45 4.2 Based on the experiments, which statement can be concluded concerning ATP production during aerobic cellular respiration? O Increasing the temperature or the oxygen concentration improves the efficiency of ATP production during aerobic cellular respiration. O Decreasing the temperature or…Classify each of the following examples as: (1) potential energy, (2) kinetic energy, or (3) a transformation of energy DOD electron transport causes hydrogen ions (H+) to accumulate in a membrane-enclosed compartment sunlight heat ATP supplies one of its phosphates to a membrane protein, activating it so that it can transport a specific molecule glucose (a monosaccharide sugar with the chemical formula C6H1206) 1. potential energy 2. kinetic energy 3. energy transformation
- 1. Oxidative phosphorylation and synthesis of ATP in mitochondria: • ways of ATP formation in cells - substrate and oxidative phosphorylation; • conjugation of respiration and oxidative phosphorylation; • sites of ATP formation in the respiratory chain; • oxidative phosphorylation coefficient, its value in the oxidation of various substrates in mitochondria; • conjugation points of electron transport and oxidative phosphorylation. 2. Chemiosmotic theory of oxidative phosphorylation, its uniqueness and common principles of energy generation in different living systems. 3. Structural and functional prerequisites for the effective conjugation of electron transport in the respiratory chain and ATP synthesis: • specific asymmetric localization of components of the electron transport chain in the inner membrane of mitochondria; • integrity of mitochondrial membranes; • generation of electrochemical gradient of protons on the membrane; • action of proton pumps of the respiratory circuit; •…Due Tuesclay December • Welli Faudos *The amino acid alanine can be used as an energy source. alanine [CH3CH (NH₂) COOH] is converted to pyruvate by the reaction In doing so, CH3CH (NH₂) COOH + a-ketoglutarate →→ pyruvate + glutamine. Determine the net ATP yield for the oxidation of one molecule of alanine to CO₂ and H₂O. You may ignore the fate of the nitrogen in the amino group of alanine in this calculation. *Two alanine molecules have the same number of carbons as one glucose molecule. How does the ATP yield for complete catabolism of 2 alanine molecules compare to that for 1 glucose molecule?10. Using either the Oxidative Phosphorylation stage of cellular respiration or the Cytochrome complex of photosynthesis, DIAGRAM AND EXPLAIN how electron transport chains function and are used to generate ATP in plants and animals. Make sure to supply sufficient detail to clearly convey your understanding of the process/mechanism.