Bicarbonate/carbonic acid buffer in blood is an example of an equilibrium reaction that is meant to be very insensitive to change. How does the bicarbonate/carbonic acid buffer re-establish equilibrium if acidity increases?  How does the bicarbonate/carbonic acid buffer re-establish equilibrium if alkalinity increases?

Determine main cause of Acid-Base Disturbance with compensation (if there is one) pH=7.45       PCO2=49       HCO3=45

Explain the mechanism how furosemide affects kidney tubules. How does this affect K+ balance? How different is the mechanism of thiazide affect urine production? Describe the process of acid-base regulation in human body.

What is buffer? What do you understand by term buffer capacity? How bicarbonate buffer works in the body.

Three systems of the body help regulate acid/base balance - buffer system, respiratory system and renal system. Describe the renal response in a person experiencing metabolic alkalosis due to severe vomiting. Provide the general formula for pH control in acid/base regulation.

A 76 year old woman with pneumonia has been admitted to the hospital. She is experiencing confusion and shortness of breath. Her ABG results are as follows: pH - 7.30 pCO2 - 52 HCO3--24.5 1. Is she in acidosis or alkalosis? 2. Is the cause respiratory or metabolic? 3. Is this uncompensated, partially compensated or fully compensated?

A 45 year old, non-athletic man decided to begin training for a marathon with a 10 mile run. After accomplishing his run he celebrated with a few beers. After a short time, his friends noticed he seemed confused and he complained of a headache. After arrival at the hospital, his ABG results are as follows: pH-7.28 pCO2-36 HCO3--19 1. Is he in acidosis or alkalosis? 2. Is the cause respiratory or metabolic? 3. Is this uncompensated, partially compensated or fully compensated?

Considering the body’s pH balance is impacted by oxygen intake, why would the pH balance of blood plasma increase with rapid breathing? Conversely, why would the pH balance of blood plasma decrease if a person holds their breath?

Buffer systems can absorb hydrogen ions from the blood to increase pH into homeostatic range (pH: 7.35 to 7.45)During what condition would buffer systems do this?

Determine main cause of Acid-Base Disturbance with compensation (if there is one) pH=7.36     PCO2=48     HCO3=30