Based on the list of intra- and extracellular concentrations shown below, ( ) isprobably used as a source of energy for the externalization (movement to theoutside) of some molecules, while ( ) is more likely to serve as a signalingmolecule.Table 11-1 A Comparison of lon Concentrations Inside and Outside a TypicalMammalian CellCOMPONENTCationsNa+K+Mg2+Ca²+H+A. K+, Ca2+B. Na+, K+C. Mg2+, Ca2+D. Ca+,H+E. K+, Na+INTRACELLULARCONCENTRATION (MM)5-151400.510-47 x 10-5 (10-7-2 M or pH 7.2)EXTRACELLULARCONCENTRATION (mm)14551-21-24x 10-5 (10-7-4 M or pH 7.4)

Change in Gibbs free energy (∆G) of ion transport is given by the equation shown below. ∆G = ZF∆ψ +…

Answered: Based on the list of intra- and…

Biochemistry

9th Edition

ISBN:9781319114671

Author:Lubert Stryer, Jeremy M. Berg, John L. Tymoczko, Gregory J. Gatto Jr.

Publisher:Lubert Stryer, Jeremy M. Berg, John L. Tymoczko, Gregory J. Gatto Jr.

Chapter1: Biochemistry: An Evolving Science

Section: Chapter Questions

Problem 1P

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When Hedgehog binds to Patched, this not only activates the signaling pathway but alsoactivates the receptor-mediated endocytosis of Patched, so there is less Patched on the plasmamembrane to inhibit Smoothened. a. Outline the steps of receptor-mediated endocytosis, including the roles for each proteininvolved. Hint: if your answer does not include the protein dynamin, you are notproviding enough detail. b. What will happen to Patched after it enters the cell via receptor-mediated endocytosis?Assume that Patched is not recycled back to the plasma membrane.
serotonin [µM] 0.025 transport rate A [dpm/min] 300.0 transport rate B [dpm/min] 10 0.08 920.0 30.0 0.25 2500.0 100.0 0.7 5400.0 350.0 2 8800.0 1100.0 9100.0 3000.0 11. Draw a graph (by using Excel or similar), plotting the serotonin concentration against the transport rate under both conditions. 12. What transport rates for each condition would you expect if the experiment was repeated using 12µM ['H] serotonin? Add your estimate into the table above. 13. Examine the plot obtained for condition A; what can you conclude with regards to whether or not the transport of serotonin into these cells requires a protein? Explain your conclusion. 14. Compare the plots of the transport rates for both conditions. What is most likely mechanism of transport for serotonin into these cells? Explain your interpretation.
Estimate the binding affi nity of a ligand for its receptor from the followingdata:
Answer question 37
Mutations in adenylate kinase have led to a hyperactive enzyme that ultimately ends up elevating ADP levels in a cell.Calculate the EC (energy charge) given the following atypical adenylate concentrations for the cell containing the mutant adenylate kinase: ATP = 0.5 ??��, ADP = 12.2 ??��, AMP = 80 ??��.
A hormone epinephrine binds to G-protein coupled receptor and activate multiple signaling pathways to induce "fight- or-flight" response. In these signaling pathways, which enzyme is responsible for the generation of IP3, a second messenger for calcium release from endoplasmic reticulum? O adenylyl cyclase O protein kinase C O protein kinase A O phospholipase C O calmodulin
Compare the plots of the transport rates for both conditions. What is most likely mechanism of transport for serotonin into these cells? Explain your interpretation.
From the Hill Plot below, the of the first binding event for the receptor-ligand system under study is: Q1 4nM Ο 10 μΜ -2 nM 2 nM Calculate the Hill Coefficient from the receptor-ligand binding data below: Q2 4 100 2 3 (0-1) 60 log 10 8 6 4 2 0 -2 -4 -6 -6 -4 -2 0 2 4 log [L] (nM) 6 8 10
MRNA 5' AUG 3' ribosome protein signal kinase transmembrane ligand binding DNA sequence binding domain domain domain domain cytoplasm plasma membrane extracellular fluid
In Chapter 3, the Kd of calmodulin EF hands for binding Ca2+ is given as 10−6 M. Many proteins have much higher affinities for their respective ligands. Why is the specific affinity of calmodulin important for Ca2+ signaling pro- cesses such as that initiated by production of IP3?
2 of 16 Compound Binds to Elicits biological receptor response A Yes Yes B Yes No C No No Refer to the table above. Compound X is the natural ligand that binds to a receptor and stimulates a signal transduction pathway associated with the receptor. Based on the information given in the table, what are the roles of compounds A, B, and C? O A is an antagonist, B is an agonist, and C is a ligand. A is an agonist, B is an antagonist, and C has no role. A is a ligand, B has no role, and C is an antagonist. A is an agonist, B is an antagonist, and C is an agonist. A has no role, B is an agonist, and C is an antagonist.

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