Based on the list of intra- and extracellular concentrations shown below, ( ) isprobably used as a source of energy for the externalization (movement to theoutside) of some molecules, while ( ) is more likely to serve as a signalingmolecule.Table 11-1 A Comparison of lon Concentrations Inside and Outside a TypicalMammalian CellCOMPONENTCationsNa+K+Mg2+Ca²+H+A. K+, Ca2+B. Na+, K+C. Mg2+, Ca2+D. Ca+,H+E. K+, Na+INTRACELLULARCONCENTRATION (MM)5-151400.510-47 x 10-5 (10-7-2 M or pH 7.2)EXTRACELLULARCONCENTRATION (mm)14551-21-24x 10-5 (10-7-4 M or pH 7.4)

Change in Gibbs free energy (∆G) of ion transport is given by the equation shown below. ∆G = ZF∆ψ +…

Answered: Based on the list of intra- and…

Biochemistry

9th Edition

ISBN:9781319114671

Author:Lubert Stryer, Jeremy M. Berg, John L. Tymoczko, Gregory J. Gatto Jr.

Publisher:Lubert Stryer, Jeremy M. Berg, John L. Tymoczko, Gregory J. Gatto Jr.

Chapter1: Biochemistry: An Evolving Science

Section: Chapter Questions

Problem 1P

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The following table shows experimental results of the glucose transport rate, mM/sec, following facilitated diffusion by glucose carrier proteins. (Recall: the starting conc. L represents glucose added to one side of the membrane; distilled water, omM of glucose was added to the other side of the membrane). The rate of glucose transport was 0.0031 mm/sec with 8mM of glucose (run number 4, highlighted); the rate decreased to 0.0017 mM/sec with 10mM of glucose (run 5, highlighted). Why was the rate of glucose transport slower when the concentration gradient was increased? Experiment Results Run Number Solute 1 1 2 2 3 33 4 4 5 6 6 Na Ch Glucose Na Ch Glucose Na Ch Glucose Nat Ch Glucose Na Ch Glucose Nat Cl Glucose Start Conc. L Start Conc. R (MM) (mM) 0.00 0.00 2.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 8.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 8.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 10.00 0.00 2.00 0.00 2.00 0.00 Carriers 500 500 500 500 700 700 700 700 100 100 700 700 Rate (mm/sec) 0.0000 0.0008 0.0000 0.0023 0.0000 0.0010…
Animal cells utilize rapid increases in cytosolic Ca++ ion concentration to respond to certain extracellular signals. This requires keeping the cytosolic Ca++ ion concentration very low in the absence of signal (when the cell is “at rest”) and increasing the cytosolic Ca++ ion concentration when a signal is detected. Propose a mechanism by which the action of Ca++ transport proteins in the plasma membrane can account for the reversibility of Ca++ levels in the cytosol. Be sure to indicate whether active or passive transport is involved as well as the type of transport protein (channel or carrier) responsible.
A molecule that bears a partlal positive charge is sald to have undergone the process of Reduction Alkalization Oxidation Acidification How many chromosomes are in a somatic human cell right after the S phase? * 92 23 46 44 A cell that does not respond to an appropriate extracellular signal from its associated environment after it has received the signal may be affected with damage to O Any of its extracellular signal receptors O Any of its gene regulatory proteins O Any of its extracellular signaling proteins O Any of its intracellular signaling proteins Samples from a batch of cells in culture were observed to have two nuclei per cell. What could have brought about this condition? O Prevention of metaphase after prophase O Failure of telophase after anaphase OFailure of cytokinesis after telophase OPrevention of anaphase after metaphase O O O O
Two Part Question: A. Which of the following molecules in not a reasonable intermediate in the conversion of oxaloacetate to asparagine? NH3 H2N NH, .o -20,PO COAS A. В. С. HN D. E. В. Glucagon and epinephrine: Promote lipogenesis when systemic energy reserves are low Are secreted when blood glucose levels are high Activate kinases that phosphorylate hormone-sensitive lipase in adipose tissue, which cleaves triacylglycerols to glycerol and fatty acids Activate kinase that phosphorylate acetyl-CoA carboxylase, promotine malonyl-CoA formation Directly activate carnitine transferase A. В. C. D. E.
b) Complete the following flow chart| (a membrane phospholipid)_ Hydrolysed by phospholipase C, to produce Remains associated with plasma membrane a small polar molecule released to cytosol, diffuses to the iv. and causes the release of v. by binding to receptors that are ligand-gated channels. Activates other proteins Activates vi which then phosphorylates other intracellular targets. form complex with vii.
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Define the following terms:a. ligandb. motor proteinc. GTPd. macromolecular crowdinge. excluded volume
Match each SERCA domain to its role in Ca2+ transport: Drag and drop options on the right-hand side and submit. For keyboard navigation... SHOW MORE ✓ N Domain P Domain A Domain ||| = = contains the Asp reside that can be phosphorylated Phosphatase activity Kinase Activity X X X
Which tonicity is optimal for animal cells and why?
1. (a) In class thus far, we have focused our membrane transport energetics discussions on the transfer of K+ ions. Of course, in the cell there are other ions that contribute to the overall resting membrane potential (Autotal). To estimate the overall resting membrane potential for the predominant ions present in the cell, we must first calculate the individual resting membrane potential. Using the Nernst equation discussed in class, and the values provided below, calculate A for each ion. lon K+ Na+ Ca²+ CI- [ion] outside cell 6 mM 145 mM 4 mM 90 mM [ion] inside cell 145mM 8 mM 0.001 mM 6 mM
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