Bacteria in the α-proteobacterial _______ clade are the most abundant organisms on Earth and demonstrate unique adaptations to life in the oligotrophic open ocean.
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Bacteria in the α-proteobacterial _______ clade are the most abundant organisms on Earth and demonstrate unique adaptations to life in the oligotrophic open ocean.
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- Bacteria are capable of rapid ______________, and as a resultthese organisms vary enormously in size, shape,metabolism, and the habitats to which they have adapted.Some prokaryotes, especially archaea, are capable of living in extreme environments, such as deep-sea vents, where temperatures can reach 80°C (176°F). Few organisms can survive at this temperature. What adaptations might archaea possess that allow them to survive in such extreme heat?Archaea exhibit a wide variety of cell shapes, including some that are unique. Suggest why this diversity exists and what advantages the unique shapes might confer.
- In the domain system of classification, prokaryotes are divided into two domains: Bacteria and Archaea. The two domains differ in all BUT one feature. Which feature do they have in common? Question options: They both have identical cell walls. They both have prokaryotic cells. They both thrive in extreme environments. They both are able to live only under anaerobic conditions.Biofilms are often formed on artificial surfaces in the human body. During medical procedures, when artificial joints, intravenous catheters, urinary catheters are placed and injections are made, commensals/mutualists may be introduced into new sites in the body and there they may form biofilms. Which statement below is NOT a reason to explain why such bacteria living in biofilms are so difficult to eliminate? O layers of biofilm prevent phagocytes from killing bacteria O layers of biofilm acts a a diffusion barrier against antibiotics O biofilm stimulates bacteria to grow continually in the log/exponential phase of growth O layers of biofilm acts a a diffusion barrier against antibodies/immunoglobulins O bacteria often in stationary phase of growthThere are three main ways that bacteria and archaea are essential to eukaryotic life. Explain the three different ways and give at least one example of each.
- The genus Ferroplasma consists of a few species of acid-loving archaea. One species, F. acidarmanus, was discovered to be the main component of slime streamers (a type of biofilm) deep inside an abandoned California copper mine (Figure 4.11A). F. acidarmanus cells use an ancient energy-harvesting pathway that combines oxygen with ironsulfur compounds in minerals such as pyrite. This reaction dissolves the minerals, so groundwater that seeps into the mine ends up with extremely high concentrations of metal ions such as copper, zinc, cadmium, and arsenic. The reaction also produces sulfuric acid, which lowers the pH of the water around the cells to zero. Despite living in an environment with a composition similar to hot battery acid, F. acidarmanus cells maintain their internal pH at a cozy 5.0. Thus, researchers investigating Ferroplasma metabolic enzymes were surprised to discover that most of the cells enzymes function best at very low pH (Figure 4.11B). A. Deep inside one of the most toxic sites in the United States: Iron Mountain Mine, in California. The water in this stream, which is about 1 meter (3 feet) wide in this photo, is hot (around 40C, or 104F), heavily laden with arsenic and other toxic metals, and has a pH of zero. Slime streamers growing in it are a biofilm dominated by a species of archaea, Ferroplasma acidarmanus. B. pH profiles of four enzymes isolated from F. acidarmus. Researchers had expected these enzymes to function best at the cells cytoplasmic pH (5.0). What does the dashed line signify?Diseases that involve biofilm-producing bacteria are of serious concern. They are not as easily treated compared with those involving free-floating (or planktonic) bacteria. Explain three reasons why biofilm formers are more pathogenic. Brian goes to the hospital after not feeling well for a week. He has a fever of 38 °C (100.4 °F) and complains of nausea and a constant migraine. Distinguish between the signs and symptoms of disease in Brian’s case.A large oil spill in the Pacific Ocean is threatening marine life. Scientists charged with cleaning up the spill believe bioremediation is the best option, but they are not sure what type of bacterial species to use in the bioremediation process. To help them in their decision, they have listed the nutritional modes of each species. Given your knowledge of the different nutritional modes of bacteria, which nutritional mode would be most beneficial in bioremediation of the oil spill? Chemophototroph Extremotroph Photoautotroph Chemoheterotroph
- The microbes discovered in Lake Whillans and Pitch Lake represented a few of the general categories of microbial life. Drag the images and/or descriptions to their corresponding class to test your understanding of the main types of microbes. Used by humans in the production of some antibiotics Ciliate Prokaryotic organisms used in genetic engineering due to their simple genetic material Photosynthetic organisms that may be used to produce alternative fuels Require electron microscopy for visualization Spores Bacilli Cysts in tissue Photosynthefic Bacteria Protozoans Fungi Viruses Helminths Algae Source: CDC Source: CDC Source: National Human Genome Reasearch Institute Source:Dr. Libero ajello/CDC Resetdiscuss at least five different examples of extremophiles on Earth and discuss how they thrive in their special environments (or, each person can choose one extremophile to research and share with the rest of the group). Extrapolate these extreme survival abilities to the kinds of life that might be able to survive in the very different environments throughout our Solar System? Do you think that watery places like Europa or Enceladus would be a better environment to search for life as opposed to somewhere like the clouds of Venus? Why or why not? For more information on possible life in Venus' atmosphere,Bacteria in the genus Clostridium are known for living within the deepest areas within puncture wounds, causing diseases like tetanus and gas gangrene. Based on the description provided, what category of oxygen requirement would be appropriate for the genus Clostridium?