b) Explain whether each of the following events increases or decreases the money supply. i. The State Bank of Pakistan sells bonds in open-market operations.  ii. The State Bank of Pakistan increases the reserve requirement.  iii. The State Bank of Pakistan reduces the interest rate it pays on reserves.

1. The growth rate of the money supply in a particular year was 8.5%. What was the growth rate of real GDP if the inflation rate in the same year was 4%? 2. During a recession, the Fed enacts countercyclical policy, by changing the quantity of reserves. To fight recession, how will the Fed adjust the quantity of reserves in the market (to S₁ or S₂)? Explain how the Fed can operationalize that. Fed funds rate () S I 1 I I 1 T I 1 1 1 1 I || I I 1 1 1 1 So I I 1 1 I 1 I I 1 1 I 1 1 J I I 1 1 + I I I I 2 D Quantity of reserves 3. Explain why the zero lower bound is a problem for monetary policy. If there's a recession and the Central Bank is at a zero lower bound, what monetary policies can it pursue to stimulate the economy?

Money velocity in the country of Ecoland is always stable. In 2019 (the base year), the money supply was $250 billion. In 2020, the money supply increased to $350 billion, the price level increased by 25 percent, and nominal GDP equaled $1400 billion. By how much did real GDP increase between 2019 and 2020?   A) $15 billion     B) $ 50 billion     C) $12.5 billion     D) $150 billion

How do changes in interest rates impact consumer spending, business investment, and overall economic activity, and how does the central bank use interest rates as a tool of monetary policy? A) Changes in interest rates have no effect on economic activity. B) Lower interest rates typically encourage consumer borrowing and business investment, stimulating economic activity. The central bank uses interest rate adjustments as a tool to influence borrowing and spending. C) Higher interest rates boost economic activity by increasing consumer savings. D) Changes in interest rates only affect government spending.