Arsenate (AsO43− ), a structural analog of phosphate, can act as a substrate for any reaction in which phosphate is a substrate. Arsenate esters, unlike phosphate esters, are kinetically as well as thermodynamically unstable and hydrolyze almost instantaneously. Write a balanced overall equation for the conversion of glucose to pyruvate in the presence of ATP, ADP, NAD+, and either (a) phosphate or (b) arsenate. (c) Why is arsenate a poison?

During glycogen synthesis, glucose-1P is converted into a molecule called UDPG. This reaction also cleaves uridine triphosphate (UTP) forming uridine monophosphate and pyrophosphate (PPi). Provide four reasons why UTP can be used to power this reaction (no diagrams necessary).

One of the examples that we have used to illustrate the concept of equilibrium is the isomerization of glucose-6-phosphate (G6P) to fructose-6-phosphate (F6P), which is the second step in g ycolysis. Draw a graph to show how the reaction Gibbs energy varies with the fraction fof F6P in solution.Label the regions of the graph that correspond to the formation of F6P and G6P being spontaneous, respectively.

The phosphorylation and oxidative decarboxylation of oxaloacetate by inorganic phosphate (Pi) to make phosphoenolpyruvate and carbon dioxide is endergonic under intracellular conditions. It is characterized by this equation:   Oxaloacetate + Pi ←→ Phosphoenolpyruvate + H2O + CO2 ΔG’ = +24.6 kJ/mol   The synthesis of GTP from GDP and inorganic phosphate (Pi) in solution is endergonic under intracellular conditions, and it is characterized by this equation:   GDP + Pi ←→ GTP + H2O ΔG’ = +30.5 kJ/mol   Write a new net thermodynamically coupled reaction equation that describes the synthesis of phosphoenolpyruvate from oxaloacetate using the hydrolysis of GTP to power the reaction and calculate the new net ΔG’ of this reaction. Show all of your work.

Write the coupled reaction that would occur spontaneously for the following pairs of molecules under standard condition: Oxaloaxcetate and NAD+

ATP synthase, hexokinase, and isocitrate dehydrogenase are important enzymes in aerobic respiration. Please provide a description for each enzyme containing the following information: (1) the metabolic stage in aerobic respiration they are involved in, (2) the enzyme class where they belong, and (3) the chemical eaction they catalyze.

What are some of the interactions made between ATP and the kinase? Describe bonds that the protein makes with each of the following: the phosphate groups the sugar the adenine base

Starting with glucose, there are five steps in the EMP/TCA metabolic pathways that produce NADH (which is converted to ATP or energy). Use class notes, Shuler, Kargi and DeLisa book, or the internet. 1. A. Draw the chemical structures of the reactant(s) and product(s); as well as a balanced chemical reaction for the step in the TCA (Krebs) cycle where isocitrate is converted to a-ketoglutarate (step 3 in the class notes). (You don't need to draw the structures of coenzyme A (COA), NAD* or NADH.) B. What enzymes catalyze steps 3 and 5 in the Kreb's cycle from the class notes? C. Would you categorize step 8 in the TCA cycle where malate is converted to oxaloacetate as an oxidation or reduction of malate? D. Considering that some energy is spent transporting acetyl-CoA to mitochondria, how much net energy (in kcal) is produced by converting 15 mol of glucose to CO₂ in the glycolysis & Krebs cycle pathways? E. How many kcals of energy from oxidizing 15 mol of glucose to CO₂ (your answer to…

The following nutrient molecule is digested and transported to a cell where it undergoes further catabolism: но c-(CH;)14-CH3 di In the table below, list the important products of the complete B oxidation of this molecule. • In the first column of the table, write the chemical formula, name, or standard biochemical symbol for a product molecule. In the second column, write the total number of these molecules produced. • Only list the Important products, including (1) molecules with any of the carbon atoms that were in the original molecule, (2) energy storage molecules (like ATP), and (3) newly oxidized or reduced coenzymes. List each product molecule on a separate row. You can add more rows if you need them. • Be sure you write the number of product molecules formed by the complete B oxidation of the molecule above. • Do not include the products of any catabolic activity that happens before or after B oxidation, including any necessary activation. If the molecule contains small parts…

Carbohydrate metabolism in the thermophilic archaeal bacterium Thermoproteus tenax is rather peculiar compared to the types of organisms usually studied in introductory biochemistry. T. tenax has two different glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) isoenzymes. One is well known and, although it requires NADP+ as a cofactor instead of NAD+, it resembles the GAPDH enzyme and is referred to as the “phosphorylating GAPDH”. In contrast, the second isoenzyme is irreversible and requires NAD+ as a cofactor and is referred to as the “nonphosphorylating GAPDH”. In this case, we will consider the properties of the latter enzyme.   In the space below, write down the balanced equation of the reaction catalyzed by the nonphosphorylating NAD+- dependent glyceraldehyde- 3-phosphate dehydrogenase and draw the substrates and products.