An average middle-aged person weighing 90 kg (200 lb.) contains 15 % body fat stored in adipose tissue. a) Calculate the amount of energy stored as fat in this person in kilojoules, assuming that energy yield from fat is 37 kJ/g. b) If this same amount of energy were stored in hydrated glycogen rather than fat (hydrated glycogen has an energy yield of 6 kJ/g), how much would the person weight in kilograms and in pounds

After prolonged exercise the body becomes depleted of glycogen. Which type of diet will lead to a quicker replenishment of muscle glycogen, a high fat, high protein diet or a high carbohydrate diet?Explain.

For each of the following situations, predict the major concequences for glycogen metabolism.  Explain your logic in a few sentences.  Will the amount of glycogen be higher or lower than the normal or unchanged. a) Effect of mutation Y194F in glycogenenin on glycogen synthesis. b) Effect on the loss of the gene that encodes inhibitor I of protein phosphatase I on both glycogen phosphorylase and glycogen synthase. c) Effect on the substrate analog shown below in glycogen synthesis (hint: what is the normal reaction sequence? At which step in the pathway does this sequence become blocked and why?)

Consider a 96 kg adult, who is overweight. Weight loss would improve their general health and wellbeing.   If 35 % of the body mass of this 96 kg adult consists of TGs (in adipose tissue), what is the total available fuel reserve, in kJ and kcal, in the form of TGs? Assume energy value of TGs = 37.4 kJ/g 1 kJ = 0.239 kcal

When a 23 Carbon fatty acid is metabolized, what is the total number of (GROSS) ATP produced ?

(b) The results in the table below were extracted from clinical reports of pediatric age infants (3 – 5 yr.) who had marked lactic acidosis, elevated blood ammonia, poor motor coordination, and showed mental retardation. From skin fibroblast cell cultures, enzyme assays were carried out, providing the results given below. PDH = pyruvate dehydrogenase; E1, E2, E3 signify the three enzyme activities of the PDH complex measured separately. It should be noted that measurement of the overall activity of the PDH complex employs a different assay system than those used for measurement of the activi- ties of the separate, individual component enzymes. Patient or PDH Complex activity nmol/min/mg protein Native E1 E2 Ез Control +dichloroacetate nmol/h/mg protein Patient 1 0.318 + 0.054 0.322 + 0.053 1.54 0.29 3.69 + 1.21 15.1 + 3.0 Patient 2 0.050 ± 0,031 0.044 + 0.027 0.21 + 0.06 6.5 ± 3.1 9.8 ± 1.3 Patient 3 0.092 + 0.022 0.068 + 0.037 0.21 + 0.06 8.48 13.5 + 2.0 Control 1 0.932 + 0.076 1.368…

How many total ATP are REQUIRED to make 2 molecules of glucose in the liver via GNG starting with 4 molecules of 3PG?

Back in the 1930s, a chemical called DNP (2,4-Dinitrophenol) was prescribed as a weight loss pill. Describe how DNP is a metabolic poison , and why it was thought to be a good mechanism for weight loss?

Years ago there was interest in using uncouplers such as dinitrophenol as weight control agents. Presumably, fat could be oxidized without concomitant ATP synthesis for re-formation of fat or carbohydrate. Why was this a bad idea?

All of the following statements about glucose are true except: Glucose is metabolized in the cytoplasm of prokaryotic organisms. On a low-carb diet, keto acids from glucogenic amino acids will be used to synthesize glucose. Glucose is metabolized in the mitochondria of mature red blood cells. Under non-starvation conditions, the brain relies exclusively on glucose as its fuel source.