Amino acids are taken up by animal cells using a symport in the plasma membrane. What is the most likely ion whose electrochemical gradient drives the import? is ATp consumed in the process? if so, how?

Calculate ΔGinward. Is energy required for transport to happen?  The cell is at 25°C. Membrane potential = -60 mV. What is the ΔGinward for chloride? Use the chart.

Protein phosphorylation and dephosphorylation are important regulatory mechanisms. Protein kinases attach phosphoryl groups to target proteins, while only a phosphatase removes the phosphoryl group. What does this method of covalent control cost in terms of energy?

What are some of the interactions made between ATP and the kinase? Can you please describe bonds that the protein makes with (a) the phosphate groups, (b) the sugar, and (c) the adenine base? Please don't just copy answers from google.. I already read most of em.. :(

Consider a hypothetical cell where the import of glucose is powered through the coupled export of sodium ions. Which of the following are true? This is known as symport. This process does not require energy. Glucose is moving down its electrochemical gradient. Sodium is moving down its electrochemical gradient.

When you exercise, your muscles are using ATP to do the movements. Thus, the cell is doing cellular respiration in order to replace the ATP it has used. A) Draw a series of diagrams showing the energy transfers that occur during exercise (include: ATP, muscle, heat, cell respiration, glucose). B) When we exercise, we produce a lot of heat, to cool us down, our body produces sweat. According to the laws of thermodynamics, where is the heat coming from? C) When we exercise to lose weight, where is that mass going (do we sweat it out, it turns into heat, becomes digestive waste, how do we eliminate it?)?

Intestinal epithelial cells pump glucose into the cell against its concentration gradient using the Na*-glucose symporter. Recall that the Na+ concentration is significantly higher outside the cell than inside the cell. The symporter couples the "downhill" transport of two Na+ ions into the cell to the "uphill" transport of glucose into the cell. If the Na+ concentration outside the cell ([Na* lout) is 147 mM and that inside the cell ([Na+]in) is 17.0 mM, and the cell potential is -54.0 mV (inside negative), calculate the maximum energy available for pumping a mole of glucose into the cell. Assume the temperature is 37 °C. AG gluc kJ mol What is the maximum ratio of [glucose]in to [glucose] out that could theoretically be produced if the energy coupling were 100% efficient? 1.13 2.3 × 10-4 8.36 4300