Acetylation is a post-translational modification that is used in the regulation of enzymes. An acetyl group is usually added to a lysine side chain in an enzyme (see the picture). Choose the best explanation for how this process affects the enzyme. WHN, NH₂ O 'Om WHN. Om gla 0- NH A) The acetyl group changes the charge on the side chain from a positive charge to neutral. This causes a change in conformation which affects the activity of the enzyme. B) The acetyl group changes the charge on the side chain from neutral to a positive charge. This causes a change in conformation which affects the activity of the enzyme. C) The acetyl group is a cofactor that binds tightly to the enzyme through intermolecular forces. This cofactor activates the enzyme. D) The acetyl group binds two side chains. together closing the active site which affects the activity of the enzyme.

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Question 2: lon channels are the key to cell signaling in the body. The voltage gated calcium channels discussed in question one are a part of that. These systems are in delicate balance, keeping ion concentrations around the cell at a specific level so that an electrical signal can travel, in this case, down a skeletal muscle, and cause a contraction. Both hypokalemic (too few ions) periodic paralysis and hyperkalemic (too many ions) periodic paralysis are caused by mutations to the CACNA1S gene. If a mutation created a hyperkalemic periodic paralysis phenotype, that mutation could be characterized as for the CACNA1s gene A. Gain of Function B. Loss of Function C. Null D. Silent If a mutation created a hypokalemic periodic paralysis phenotype, that mutation could be characterized as for the CACNA1s gene A. Gain of Function B. Loss of Function C. Null D. Silent

QUESTION 14 What switches off an activated G protein? A molecule of GDP replaces the GTP. There is an enzyme that reassembles the trimeric G protein. Ca2+ ions activate CAMKII, which inactivates the protein. The protein contains intrinsic GTPase activity which converts GTP to GDP. A phosphorylase enzyme removes the phosphate from the GTP.