A useful technique for studying microtubule motors is to attach them by their tails to a glass coverslip (which can be accomplished quite easily because the tails stick avidly to a clean glass surface) and then allow them to settle. The microtubules may then be viewed in a light microscope as they are propelled over the surface of the coverslip by the heads of the motor proteins. Because the motor proteins attach at random orientations to the coverslip, however, how can they generate coordinated movement of individual microtubules rather than engaging in a tug-of-war? In which direction will microtubules crawl on a ‘bed’ of kinesin molecules (i.e., will they move plus-end first, or minus-end first)?

Q: Dynamic instability is the phenomenon by which microtubules undergo rapid growth and disassembly.…

A: Dynamic instability is the phenomenon by which microtubules undergo rapid growth and disassembly.…

Q: What could be an example of in vitro experiment to identify cytoskeleton accessory proteins?

A: Cytoskeleton is the part of a cell which provides structural support to the cell and plays roles in…

Q: Many of the cell’s hydrolytic enzymes are located in the lysosome, where the pH is ∼5. What would…

A: Lysosome is a cell organelle .

Q: 2.3 Many endosomes become acidic because they have transporters in their membranes that pump H+ ions…

A: An Eukaryotic cell consists of many small organelles .Each and every organelle is specified for…

Q: Tubulins bind GTP and hydrolyze it, which causes microtubules to become dynamically unstable. How…

A: Cytoskeletons help to maintain cell structure, cell-cell connection and cell rigidity.…

Q: You discovered that sec mutant D have secretory proteins accumulating in Golgi, and that sec mutant…

A: Protein coding sequences are DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid sequence) that are transcribing to generate…

Q: One change observed at the centrosomes early in mitosis is an increase in the number of…

A: polar orientation of microtubules. associate with other proteins to form gamma tubulin ring complex…

Q: Structures made primarily of microtubules, they organize the mitotic spindle in animal cells and are…

A: The cell is the basic structural and functional unit of life of all living organisms capable of…

Q: In all cells, microtubules nucleate from the centrosome and then become stabilized or collapse. What…

A: Microtubules are made up of protein tubulins that can undergo quick growth or dissolution by…

Q: Transferrin is transmembrane glycoprotein, which mediates the transport of iron. Which of the…

A: Protein is a macronutrient that is crucial for building bulk. It is regularly found in creature…

Q: we saw that overexpression of B-integrin tail domains could reduce the strength of focal adhesions…

A: Growth factors bind to the receptor tyrosine kinases which are cell surface receptors. The binding…

Q: Microtubules both in vitro and in vivo undergo dynamic instability, and this type of assembly is…

A: Microtubules are structures composed of tubulin protein.

Q: Suppose cells in an experiment had been labeled with green fluorescent tubulin. At the onset of…

A: As the cell progresses through anaphase B, the bleached spots or the microtubules closer to the…

Q: The enzyme katanin, named after the Japanese samurai swords, cleaves microtubules into short pieces.…

A: Those biomolecules that elevate the chemical reaction inside the body without undergoing any change…

Q: How does the low pH of lysosomes protect the restof the cell from lysosomal enzymes in case the…

A: Answer: Introduction: Lysosomes eliminate waste and terminating a cell later it has died, known as…

Q: structures that you can see in some of the onion root tip cells.

A: The common onion is also termed as bulb onion. It is the most common cultivated species in the…

Q: Unfolded proteins in the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum are directly detected by which protein?…

A: The endoplasmic reticulum is in continuation of the nuclear membrane in a cell. It plays a very…

Q: Fluorescent beta-tubulin is microinjected into the cytoplasm of a mammalian cell in interphase.…

A: Introduction Tubulin can refer to either the tubulin protein superfamily of globular proteins or one…

Q: If GTP hydrolysis occurs on a tubulin molecule at the plus end of a microtubule filament before…

A: Tubulin makes up microtubules, which are the cytoskeleton's most important component.

Q: What mechanistic features are shared by (a) the formation of multivesicular endosomes by budding…

A: Mature endosomes are also known as multivesicular bodies (MVBs) or multivesicular endosomes. Initial…

Q: You are working in a lab studying Progeria. You design an expression vector containing a mutated…

A: A vector refers to the plasmid that carries a gene of interest into the host cells. Expression…

Q: Eukaryotic cells manufacture cytoskeletal proteins, which help to maintain cell shape and function.…

A: The cytoskeleton is a complex structure containing interlinked protein filaments and is present in…

Q: What is the localizing signal protein that allows recognition of the vesicle by the endosome?

A: Proteins play a very important role in the body. Proteins are made up of amino acids. Amino acids…

Q: Microtubules, composed of a-tubulin and b-tubulin subunits, are required for all of the following…

A: Microtubules are major components of the cytoskeleton. They are found in all eukaryotic cells, and…

Q: zation occurs predominantly at the minus (-) ends of microtubules.     Polymerization is favored…

A: Cell biology is study of the cell and how they grow and how they communicate with each other.   Cell…

Q: Discuss the following: • Golgi Apparatus • Peroxisome •lysosome Please help me. Thank you

A: Cell is the basic structural and functional unit of life. It is composed of many organelle which…

Q: What are factors that cause PTMs of actin protein of cytoskelton?

A: DNA synthesizes RNA in the process of transcription and then translation occurs that is RNA gives…

Q: When the Golgi apparatus glycosylates a protein with the mannose-6-phosphate tag, this tag serves as…

A: Eukaryotes are the organisms in which nucleus id developed and is surrounded by a membrane. In these…

Q: Genetic testing of a 29-month-old boy shows a mutation in the Phe residue at position 508 in the…

A: Cystic fibrosis is a fatal genetic disease which is caused due to defect in CF transmembrane…

Q: Dynamic instability causes microtubules either to grow or to shrink rapidly. Consider an individual…

A: Microtubules, along with intermediate filaments and microfilaments, make up the cell skeleton, which…

Q: What are the two main functions of the APC / cyclosome complex? Describe in detail.

A: The process by which a parent cell divides and forms two daughter cells is referred to as cell…

Q: Dynamic instability is a term that can be applied to which mature cytoskeletal polymer? Neither…

A: Introduction Dynamic instability:- It is the switching between growing (polymerizing) and shrinking…

Q: Why does nucleation sites cause the number of microtubules to rise but the length to grow unstable?

A: Microtubules are the structural part of the eukaryotic cells that are formed by the tubulin…

Q: Rather surprisingly, some cellular components that we know best from our study of nuclear protein…

A: Nuclear protein import is a selective process where all nuclear proteins are cytoplasm-synthesized…

Q: Yeast cells are eukaryotes, and they require a functional secretory pathway to grow and to maintain…

A: The signal recognition particle(SRP) is a very highly conserved and expressed ribonucleoprotein…

Q: Microtubules within a cell appear to be arranged in specific arrays. What cellular structure is…

A: Introduction :- The cytoskeleton is made up primarily of microtubules. They are present in all…

Q: If GTP hydrolysis occurs on a tubulin molecule at the plus end of a microtubule protofilament before…

A: Microtubule: - Present in all eukaryotes - Made up of two different types of protein - α and β…

Q: Vesicles forming at the plasma membrane, or at the trans face of the Golgi, and destined only to…

A: The vesicles help in the transportation of cargo proteins to a distinct location in the cell. They…

Q: Protein transfer to a membrane from a developed electrophoretic gel can be performed under which of…

A: Proteins are biomolecules and macromolecules that are made up of one or more long chains of amino…

Q: Taxol can be used as an anticancer drug.  At the molecular level, what does the drug prevent?  At…

A: 1) Question asked: At the molecular level, what does the drug prevent?  Answer: Microtubules,…

Q: Which is NOT a general function of the cellular cytoskeleton?   A Structural support for the cell…

A: The cytoskeleton, which is found in the cytoplasm of all cells except bacteria and archaea, is a…

Q: The movement of kinesin motor proteins involves both the motor domain and the linker domain.…

A: A kinesin is a protein thar belongs to a class of motor proteins in the eukaryotoc organisms. This…

Q: Which of the following statements about the function of the centrosome is FALSE? Microtubules…

A: Centrosomes are organelles that serve as the main microtubule-organizing centers for animal cells.…

Q: Intermediate filaments help protect animal cells from mechanical stress because - Filaments remain…

A: Introduction A protein filament is a long strand of monomers of protein found in hair, muscle, and…

Q: In an in vitro motility assay, a newly discovered motor protein is found to transport an attached…

A: Dynein is an ATP-dependent motor protein that mediates intracellular retrograde transport of…

Q: Taxol is a drug that inhibits microtubule dynamics and is often used for cancer chemotherapy because…

A: "Cancer" is one of the world's most dreaded diseases. The cell division process in humans…

Q: In cells, microtubule assembly depends on other proteins as well as tubulin concentration and…

A: Tubulin dimers, which are made up of beta tubulin on the positive end and alpha tubulin on the…

Q: In reference to the cytoskeleton: What is dynamic instability? What is treadmilling? Which class of…

A: Cytoskeleton is an important part of a cell. The main function of cytoskeleton is to provide shape…

Q: IFs, provide very little mechanical strength to cells. How can you rebut this and provide…

A: Introduction : Intermediate filaments constitute the cytoskeleton, which provides mechanical support…

Muscle Action

A change in the body or a bodily organ as a result of its functioning is referred to as an action. Muscle action can be defined as the specific movement of a bodily part generated by the contraction of a muscle. The muscle proteins actin and myosin are the important contractile proteins involved in muscle action. Muscle contraction, in addition to movement, serves several other important functions in the body, including posture, heat generation, and joint stability. Muscle contraction maintains posture, which includes standing and sitting.