Molecular Techniques
Molecular techniques are methods employed in molecular biology, genetics, biochemistry, and biophysics to manipulate and analyze nucleic acids (deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA)), protein, and lipids. Techniques in molecular biology are employed to investigate the molecular basis for biological activity. These techniques are used to analyze cellular properties, structures, and chemical reactions, with a focus on how certain molecules regulate cellular reactions and growth.
DNA Fingerprinting and Gel Electrophoresis
The genetic makeup of living organisms is shown by a technique known as DNA fingerprinting. The difference is the satellite region of DNA is shown by this process. Alex Jeffreys has invented the process of DNA fingerprinting in 1985. Any biological samples such as blood, hair, saliva, semen can be used for DNA fingerprinting. DNA fingerprinting is also known as DNA profiling or molecular fingerprinting.
Molecular Markers
A known DNA sequence or gene sequence is present on a chromosome, and it is associated with a specific trait or character. It is mainly used as a genetic marker of the molecular marker. The first genetic map was done in a fruit fly, using genes as the first marker. In two categories, molecular markers are classified, classical marker and a DNA marker. A molecular marker is also known as a genetic marker.
DNA Sequencing
The most important feature of DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) molecules are nucleotide sequences and the identification of genes and their activities. This the reason why scientists have been working to determine the sequences of pieces of DNA covered under the genomic field. The primary objective of the Human Genome Project was to determine the nucleotide sequence of the entire human nuclear genome. DNA sequencing selectively eliminates the introns leading to only exome sequencing that allows proteins coding.
- What molecules are present in regions of gel corresponding to A?
- What happens upon heatshock? What does Band B represent?
![Using your understanding of the method above answer the questions related to the experimental data
below.
Heat shock factors (HSF) are transcription factors that
induce genes coding for proteins that protect against
cellular stress. 2 HSFs (HSF-1 and HSF-2), recognize the
same binding site in DNA.
The figure shows the result of an experiment in which
the effect of an anti-inflammatory drug, indomethacin,
was studied.
HeLa cells were cultured at 37°C (lane 1 [C, control] and
lanes 3-10), or at 42°C (lane 2; HS, heat-shocked).
The cultures for samples 3-10 were also treated with
various concentrations of indomethacin that are
indicated in the figure (100,250, 500, 1000 etc..)
After treatment nuclear extracts were prepared and
mixed with labeled DNA fragments containing the HSF
binding site.
Indomethacin (M)
a-HSF1 a-HSF2
CHS 100 250 500 1000 500 1000 500 1000
Anti-HSF1 or anti HSF2 antibodies were also added to
some of the samples.
The samples were subjected to a non-denaturing polyacrylamide gel and imaged.
The data obtained is shown to the right.
닌
B
A
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Samples](/v2/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fcontent.bartleby.com%2Fqna-images%2Fquestion%2Fa5d0ed69-4925-4403-a796-f6681910a505%2F85d85a4d-7519-4df5-9b25-e9ecf20ce391%2Fjxk3l3_processed.png&w=3840&q=75)
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