A study by the CDC reported that less than 80% of children in someareas of the United States are being adequately vaccinated. Severalmillion children are at high risk for infections.a. Name some factors that account for this trend.b. Explain how the reduction in vaccination impacts herd immunity.

Compare and contrast innate and adaptive immunity by matching the following characteristics with the correct arm of immunity, using I for innate and A for adaptive: a. Is the first to engage on initial encounter with antigen b. Is the most pathogen specific c. Employs T and B lymphocytes d. Adapts during the response e. Responds identically during a first and second exposure to the same antigen f. Responds more effectively during a subsequent exposure g. Includers a memory component h. Is the target of vaccination i. Can involve the use of PAMP receptors j. Involves antigen-specific receptors binding to pathogens k. Can be mediated by antibodies

Antibodies against a specific antigen can be injected into a person to provide passive immunity. For which reason is this NOT as effective as the process of vaccination with that antigen? Select one: a. Injection of antibodies may cause allergic reactions, while vaccination never causes allergic reactions. b. Injection of antibodies does not provide long-lasting immunity, and vaccination with antigens triggers a clonal selection of B cells and cytotoxic T cells. c. Vaccination with antigens triggers a clonal selection of B cells and cytotoxic T cells. d. Injection of antibodies does not provide long-lasting immunity. e. Injection of antibodies does not provide long-lasting immunity and may cause allergic reactions, while vaccination never causes allergic reactions.

Vaccines are given to provide protection against pathogen causing infections. Which of the following statements best describes how vaccines work? a Fever and swelling develop which is the first response in killing a pathogen b. Antibodies in the vaccine provide the body with nonspecific immunity to an antigen. c. An inactivated or killed virus stimulates the body to develop specific immunity to that type of virus. d. Heathy bacteria causes the body to release toxins which will protect the body if later exposed to different type of bacteria.