Database System Concepts
7th Edition
ISBN: 9780078022159
Author: Abraham Silberschatz Professor, Henry F. Korth, S. Sudarshan
Publisher: McGraw-Hill Education
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Transcribed Image Text:a) A Man-in-the-Middle attack can be successfully performed on the Diffie-Hellman key exchange
protocol in which the adversary generates two public-private key pairs for the attack. Could the same
attack be accomplished with one pair? Justify and explain with detailed steps of the scenario.
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- In RSA, suppose p = 3, q = 11, e = 7, and d = 3. Given the message m = 5, show the encryption process to obtain the ciphertext c from m and the decryption process to derive m back from c.arrow_forwardThe hacker group Desdeia tries to break our old weak cipher which we used for the communication with the Duchess of Ligovia. It's generally known that an actual breaking of the cipher needs the reviewing a huge amount of variants which probably lasts a couple of months. Additionally we know that the reviewing of different variants needs always the same server resource. Using our intelligence sources we tried to get some information about the actual progress of breaking, but we got only some fragments: • The hacker group Desdeia uses for breaking their powerful four-core server which resources are fully dedicated to breaking process. . The actual breaking process began exactly at noon, but we don't know, on which day. . By the noon of 2nd of April, already 648,467,673 variants were successfully reviewed. Exactly at this noon, when the breaking process was already lasted for 19 days, it was attempted to double the server speed. The doubling itself was failed, but instead of it there was…arrow_forwardA secure email system is expected to provide confidentiality, sender's non-repudiation, and message integrity. Alice uses three keys to achieve this goal. The three keys are Alice's private key (KA), Bob's public key (Kg), and a randomly generated symmetric key (Ks). The encryption procedure is shown below: How can Bob 1) decrypt the data, 2) verify the message's integrity, and 3) verify the sender's non-repudiation? Describe the detailed steps (including the formulas) and show your work. KA m H(-) KA( m I am using SHA-256 KA(H(M)) Ks() KB(*) K Ks K.(m, KA(H(m)) + + KB(Ks) Internet 34arrow_forward
- Consider the affine cipher f(p) = 3p+4 (mod 26), where p is the plaintext representation of the character under consideration. For example the plaintext of the letter A is 0, B is 1, C is 2, ... Z is 25. Use this cipher to encrypt the letters I, N, G, R (changing the numbers back to letters at the end.arrow_forwardThe definition of a Shift Cipher can be expressed as follows:Def. Let x, y, k ∈ Z26 with the encryption operation as ek(x) ≡ x + k mod 26 and thedecryption operation as dk(y) ≡ y - k mod 26.Given the provided letter encoding, what would be the encoding of the plaintext word ATTACKafter applying a shift cipher with a k=17?arrow_forwardConsider a very simple symmetric block encryption algorithm in which 32-bits blocks of plaintext are encrypted using a 64-bit key. Encryption is defined as C = (PK₁) K₁ where C = ciphertext, K = secret key, Ko = leftmost 64 bits of K, K₁ = rightmost 64 bits of K,+ = bitwise exclusive OR, and is addition mod 264. a. Show the decryption equation. That is, show the equation for P as a function of C, Ko, and K₁. b. Suppose and adversary has access to two sets of plaintexts and their correspond- ing ciphertexts and wishes to determine K. We have the two equations: C = (PK) K₁; C = (PK) K₁ First, derive an equation in one unknown (e.g., Ko). Is it possible to proceed fur- ther to solve for Ko?arrow_forward
- Let E'(T,X) be a tweakable block cipher that has already been keyed. Given plaintext P = P1 || P2 || ... || Pn (ie, P is an n-block plaintext). Ci = E'(i, Pi) for i=1..nsum = P1 xor P2 xor ... xor Pntag = E'(0,sum) For simplicity let's say that E'(T,X) = ROTL(X,T+1) (ie, X rotated left T+1 bits. If the block cipher block size is 8 bits and you are encrypting the two byte plaintext 67 89, what ciphertext and tag would be created? Fill in each box as a two-digit hex value. C1____? C2____? tag____?arrow_forwardGiven the following Diffie-Hellman scheme, is an attack possible? Alice to Bob-[Tm Alice'lasce mod p Bob to Alice-gmod p Lisencryption with specified PUBLIC key Hisencryption with specified PRIVATE key.arrow_forwardAlice and Bod have decided to use a symmetric encryption algorithm. They have some assumptions about their messages:- Messages only contain capital letters (i.e. A to Z)- The length of their shared key must be greater than or equal to the length of the plaintext- They assign each letter a number as follows: (A,0), (B,1), (C,2), (D,3),…, (Z,25)Their algorithm combines the key and the message using modular addition. The numerical values of corresponding message and key letters are added together, modulo 26. For example, if the plain text is “HELLO” and the key is “SECRET” then the encrypted message is calculated as following:Since the length of the plaintext is 5, we just need the first 5 letters of the key (i.e. “SECRE”), then for each letter, we should add corresponding letters in both the plaintext and the key modulo 26.Plaintext: H (7) E (4) L (11) L (11) O (14)Key: S (18) E (4) C (2) R (17) E(4)Cipher: Z (25) I (8) N(13) C(2) S (18) Write a program in Python, C/C++ or JavaScript to…arrow_forward
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