A hybrid orbital set is shown below. How many unhybridized p orbitals does it have? X

Using cartoon representations, draw a molecular orbital mixing diagram for a CO bond. In your picture, consider the relative energies of C and O and how this changes the resulting bonding and antibonding molecular orbitals relative to a CC bond.

Lets look more closely at the process of hybridization. (a) What is the relationship between the number of hybrid orbitals produced and the number of atomic orbitals used to create them? (b) Do hybrid atomic orbitals form between different p orbitals without involving 5 orbitals? (c) What is the relationship between the energy of hybrid atomic orbitals and the atomic orbitals from which they are formed?

In Chapter 6, we study a group of organic cations called carbocations. Following is the structure of one such carbocation, the tert-butyl cation. (a) How many electrons are in the valence shell of the carbon bearing the positive charge? (b) Using VSEPR, predict the bond angles about this carbon. (c) Given the bond angle you predicted in (b), what hybridization do you predict for this carbon?

In sp²-hybridized orbitals, how many p-orbitals remain to form multiple bonds?

A o bond arises from the straight-on overlap of two atomic Sigma Bonding orbitals. The electron density lies along the axis of the two 'bonded nuclei. sp3 hybrid orbital Example: Sigma Bonding in methane, CH4 1s orbital What atomic or hybrid orbitals make up the sigma bond between Xe and F in xenon tetrafluoride, XeF4 ? orbital on Xe+ orbital on F What are the approximate F-Xe-F bond angles ? (list all possible)

A π bond arises from "sideways" overlap of two parallel p orbitals. The electron density lies above and below a plane containing the 2 nuclei that is perpendicular to the orbitals. 8 p-orbital atom 1 + 8 p-orbital atom 2 π bond What atomic or hybrid orbitals make up the bond between C₂ and O₁ in acetic acid, CH3COOH ? sp² orbital on C₂ + sp² orbital on 0₁ How many o bonds does C₂ have in CH3COOH ? 2 How many bonds does C₂ have? 1

Sigma Bonding Ao bond arises from the straight-on overlap of two atomic orbitals. The electron density lies along the axis of the two bonded nuclei. sp3 hybrid orbital Example: Sigma Bonding in methane, CH4 1s orbital What atomic or hybrid orbitals make up the sigma bond between C, and O in acetaldehyde, CH3CHO ? (C, is the second carbon in the structure as written.) orbital on C, + orbital on O What is the approximate C,-C2-O bond angle ?

Describe the bonding in the methanol molecule, CH30H, using valence bond theory. O A. The electron-pair geometry around both the C and O atoms in CH3OH is tetrahedral. Thus, we assign sp2 hybridization to each atom, and the C – O bond is formed by overlap of sp² orbitals on these atoms. Each C - H bond is formed by overlap of a carbon sp³ orbital with a hydrogen 1s orbital, and the 0 - H bond is formed by overlap of an oxygen sp3 orbital with the hydrogen 1s orbital. Two lone pairs on oxygen occupy the remaining sp3 orbitals on the atom. O B. The electron-pair geometry around both the C and O atoms in CH3OH is tetrahedral. Thus, we assign sp³ hybridization to each atom, and the C - O bond is formed by overlap of sp3 orbitals on these atoms. Each C - H bond is formed by overlap of a carbon sp? orbital with a hydrogen 1s orbital, and the 0 - H bond is formed by overlap of an oxygen sp? orbital with the hydrogen 1s orbital. Two lone pairs on oxygen occupy the remaining sp2 orbitals on the…

Sigma Bonding Ao bond arises from the straight-on overlap of two atomic orbitals. The electron density lies along the axis of the two bonded nuclei. sp3 hybrid orbital Example: Sigma Bonding in methane, CH4 1s orbital What atomic or hybrid orbitals make up the sigma bond between C, and C, in propyne, CHCCH3 ? (C, is the second carbon in the structure as written.) orbital on C2 + orbital on C What is the approximate C,-C2-C, bond angle ?