A high school football player experienced cramps during practice. He began to gulp a large amount of water and Gatorade (sports drink) in the hope to alleviate the cramps. He had swallowed about four gallons of fluids by the end of the practice. Not long afterwards, he collapsed at home and was rushed by helicopter to the hospital where several days later he dies. An autopsy report revealed water intoxication is the cause of death. Analyse what happened to the football player. Assume that the football player discovers his lethat situation earlier, identify the actions he should take to survive.

An old woman was admitted with a diagnosis of hypertension, congestive heart failure, anemia, possible diabetes, and chronic renal failure. Her blood workup shows a BUN level of 58 mg/dL and a plasma creatinine of 6.2 mg/dL. What is the most probable cause of the patient’s elevated urea nitrogen? Explain your answer.

What is dialysis? Explain its mechanism.

A 27-year-old male of Mediterranean descent presented to his GP complaining of fatigue and some discomfort and pain in his abdomen. During the examination, the GP noted some mild splenomegaly and tenderness. On closer examination, some scleral icterus was noted. Subsequent lab results showed marginally elevated lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and bilirubin, and a slight decrease in haemoglobin. Describe the likely clinical scenario for this patient.

Mrs. Ho, age 50, was infected by a bacterium and was diagnosed with cystitis two months ago. Her doctor gave her some drugs but they did not work. Last week, her condition worsened, and she displayed symptoms of acute renal failure. (a)  What is cystitis?  (b)  Explain how cystitis could lead to acute renal failure in Mrs. Ho.  (c)  Suggest a possible treatment for acute renal failure. Describe how the treatment should be carried out.

Which of the following is a thiazide diuretic? A) Lidocaine B) HCTZ C) Warfarin D) Gabapentin  Which of the following is a contraindication to Lidocaine?  A) Lidocaine allergy B) Hypernatremia C) Nausea D) Tremors 1- Your patient has a chronic history of congestive heart failure and does not currently have pulmonary edema. Why is administration of a beta blocker beneficial to this patient? A) Beta blockers may help reduce the risk of blood clotting B) Beta blocker administration is not beneficial to this group C) Because beta blocker manufacturers pay you a lot of money to administer them D) Beta blockers minimize the risk of hypertrophic heart disease 2. If the patient in #1 had pulmonary edema, why could beta blocker administration be detrimental? A) The blood pressure could be lowered B) More fluid would back up into the lungs C) It would increase risk of blood clotting D) Beta blocker administration is indicated in this patient  Which of the following is a sodium channel…

A patient with diabetes mellitus is admitted to the medical-surgical unit with diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA). The nurse monitors the patient for which acid-base imbalance associated with DKA? a) Respiratory alkalosis b) Metabolic acidosis c) Metabolic alkalosis d) Respiratory acidosis

Our pharmacy is located near several pediatricians’ offices, and each of these pediatricians has a preferred mouth rinse for sore throat. One doctor writes a combination of lidocaine, antacid, and Benadryl for a sore throat. Depending on the cause of the sore throat, she may add nystatin, an antifungal medication, or acyclovir, an antiviral medication. A typical prescription will read: antacid 1 part, lidocaine 2 parts, Benadryl 1 part, and nystatin 4 parts; dispense 8 ounces. We have found one of the simplest ways to calculate the amount of each drug to mix is by using fractions. First we add up the total number of “parts,” and this becomes our denominator or bottom number. For this compound, the denominator is 1 + 2 + 1 + 4 = 8. The numerator or top number is how many parts of that ingredient are used. For example, two parts of the mixture are lidocaine, so lidocaine is 2/8 of the mixture. To calculate how many ounces of lidocaine are needed, the fraction is multiplied by the total…

Name the condition in which there is presence of sugar in urine.