A: Complex carbohydrates are broken down by carboxylases in both the mouth and the small intestine (True or False) B: Glycolysis requires the input of energy in order to release energy from glucose (True or False) C: Anorexic hormones signal the body that it is in a fed state (True or False) D: The dependence of hunger on the ratio between insulin and glucagon is an example of signal integration (True or False)

Answer the following questions about a Vegetarian diet: 1. Which major organ(s) is/are directly affected by the diet?  2. If applicable, what specific tissue or organelle would be affected by the diet.  If no research is available, hypothesize which tissue or organelle may be affected and why. 3. Which nutrient (macro or micro) is the focus of this diet? 4. List the foods that would contain the nutrients that are the main focus of the diet.  5. List Pros and Cons of being on the diet. 6. List any possible misconceptions that may have been verified or nullified by scientific articles for this diet.   7. What biochemical pathway would this diet target? 8. List the sites that you use as references.

Describe what happens if the food that reaches the duodenum contains a lot of fat and a lot of protein. The answer must state, among other things: How is Gastric emptying − Hydrochloric acid secretion − Bile release − Pancreatic release (exocrine)s are affected by the respective stimuli (fat and protein) and how (ie increases or decreases the activity). What type of cell senses stimuli and how these cells react. The different signaling pathways (including the neurotransmitters involved) that control the different mechanisms affected by the respective stimuli. Feel free to draw

Define and give an example of homeostasis? Describe the term and give a biological example of positive feedback? Describe the term and give a biological example of negative feedback? What is the role of an enzyme? Describe and Give an example of enzyme specificity? What does it mean when a person is a lactose intolerant? Biologically, what causes this? How can it be temporarily be treated? Why is it dangerous for an individual to have a very high fever left untreated? (Hint: think enzymes)

Answer in 4-5 paragraphs: Some food sources of fat-soluble vitamins are NOT considered to be fatty foods, such as carrots, sweet potatoes, and peppers as a source of vitamin A, broccoli as a source of vitamin K, or whole-wheat bread as a source of vitamin E. How can non-fatty foods be good sources of fat-soluble vitamins?

After a meal that contains carbohydrates, blood glucose levels usually rise gradually as carbohydrates are digested and the resulting monosaccharides are absorbed into the bloodstream. Suppose you run a test on a human with no lactase production. You would provide a dose (e.g., 25 grams) of lactose and measure changes in blood glucose levels over the next three hours. Predict how blood glucose levels would change from fasting to three hours. Justify your response using the results from the above simulation.

A 30-year-old man presents to the emergency department with complaints of severe abdominal pain along with nausea and vomiting for one day. The pain is described as constant, dull, and boring, and radiates to his back. He admits to binge drinking 3 nights ago with friends at a party.  Laboratory studies reveal significantly elevated amylase and lipase and acute pancreatitis is suspected. An abdominal CT shows pancreas divisum, a common congenital anomaly that results from failure of the pancreatic ductal systems of the ventral and dorsal pancreatic primordia to fuse during embryogenesis. Which of the following pancreatic structures is derived from the ventral pancreatic primordium? A. Tail B. Body C. Superior aspect of the head D. Accessory pancreatic duct E. Main pancreatic duct

Consider the following nutrients: (water, simple sugar (glucose), amino acid, and fatty acid). Describe where each one is absorbed in the small intestine and which mechanism (active transport, facilitated diffusion, or simple diffusion) drives their movement into the bloodstream. Please be detailed with your explanation

Describe protein digestion by location: mouth, stomach, small intestine, enterocyte, large intestine. Define zymogen/proenzyme. Describe each key enzyme in protein digestion (including how each are activated). Describe the function and importance of enteropeptidase. Describe the function and importance of trypsin. Know the difference between an endogenous and exogenous peptidase. Describe the functions of brush border peptidases and cytosolic peptidases. Describe absorption of peptides and absorption of amino acid (they are different). Describe different fates of amino acids once they are absorbed and released into circulation. Describe what can happen if protein is not absorbed properly.

Provide the correct answer for the multiple choice question and explain how the question relates to the paragraph on the pathways and transformation of energy and matter