A 30 wt% Ni-70 wt% Cu alloy (Animated Figure 9.3a) is slowly cooled from 1400°C (2550°F) to 1150°℃ (2100°F). (a) At what temperature does the first solid phase form? i ! °C (b) What is the composition of this solid phase? i %wt Ni (c) At what temperature does the last of the liquid solidify? i °℃ (d) What is the composition of this last remaining liquid phase? i %wt Ni

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According to the following graph, two samples of 1080 steel are cooled from the eutectoid temperature, one at a cooling rate of 250°C/s and the other at a cooling rate of 7.27x10-8 °C/s. Specify the phases obtained and explain their formation from thermodynamic and kinetic perspectives. Also, briefly describe their formation. Draw the microstructure of the phases obtained. Sıcaklık (C) 800 700 600 500 400 300 200 100 0 10 1 T M(başlama) M(% 50) M(% 90) 10 M+O -Otektoid Sıcaklık 10² Zaman (s) % 50 10³ 104 105

QI/ Draw a thermal equilibrium diagram for the binary alloy system (Si –Au), from the following data:- a- Si melts at 1414 °C, and Au melts at 1064 °C , and identify all phases are present in the diagram. b- Eutectic is formed at 360°C containing 20 Wt% Si -80 Wt% Au . c- Determine the amount of each phase for the alloy which consist 60 Wt% Si- 40Wt % Au at 1200 °C and 800 °C ,then determine the amount of eutectic at 200 °C?

A 50 wt% Pb-50 wt% Mg alloy is slowly cooled from 700 °C (1290 °F) to 400 °C (750 °F). (a) At what temperature does the first solid phase form? (b) What is the composition of this solid phase? (c) At what temperature does the liquid solidify? (d) What is the composition of this last remaining liquid phase? Temperature (°C) 700 600 500 400 300 200 100 2 0 0 (Mg) 560°C First solid (21 wt% Pb) α 20 465°C 5 a + L Composition (at% Pb) 40 10 L a + Mg₂Pb 20 60 Composition (wt% Pb) Last liquid (67 wt% Pb) 30 Mg₂Pb 40 T T L + Mg₂Pb M 18 80 L + Mg₂Pb 70 100 B B+ Mg₂Pb T B + L D T 1200 1000 800 600 400 200 100 (Pb) Temperature (°F)

In Figure 1 (phase diagram), an alloy composition of 95 wt% Mg and 5 wt% Al is cooled from 700 C to 475 C. An analysis of the resulting ε solid-phase composition reveals that it has a higher Mg content than is anticipated by the phase diagram.a) Explain why this might be the case and how your reasoning results in the higher-than-expected Mg content.b) Provide a sketch showing the likely distribution of Mg content within the volume of ε solid-phase.

An alloy consisting of completely soluble cadmium (Cd) and zinc (Zn) in the liquid state, but neither of them dissolves in each other in the solid state. the table shown below shows the solidification temperatures for various alloys of cadmium and zinc. 1. Draw the equilibrium diagram according to the information given and data in the table and indicating all important temperature and phases. 2. Find the percentage of each phases and percentage of constituents of the alloy that contain 60 % Zn and at a temperature 300 °C. 3. Find the melting point for the following alloys 20 % Cd, 80% Cd 4. Draw the internal structure, noting the phases of the following alloys A) 30 % Cd at 290 °C b) 60 % Cd at room temperature. % of Zinc in alloy Start of solidification ("C) End of solidification ("C) 0 10 14 20 30 40 50 60 321 290 266 275 293 310 328 345 70 80 90 100 362 390 401 419 266 266 266 266 266 266 266 266 266 266 266 266

Is it possible to have a copper-nickel alloy that, at equilibrium, consists of a liquid phase of composition 20 wt% Ni-80 wt% Cu and also an a phase of composition 37 wt% Ni-63 wt% Cu? If so, what will be the approximate temperature of the alloy? If this is not possible, explain why. Temperature (°C) 1600 1500 1400 1300 1200 1100 1000 0 1085°C (Cu) 20 Liquid Liquidus line L B 40 a+L a A 60 Composition (wt% Ni) (a) 1455°C Solidus line 80 2800 2600 2400 2200 2000 100 (Ni) Temperature (°F) Temperature (°C) 1300 1200 20 Liquid Tie line. a + Liquid a 1 KR I 1 1 B ↑ Co a + Liquid -S 30 CL Composition (wt% Ni) (b) 40 1 Ca a 50

Material science Assuming this system forms a laminar type eutectic, determine the volume proportion of phases for an equilibrium solidified 50% Pb alloy. Sketch the expected microstructure.

Consider 2.0 kg of austenite containing 0.5 wt% C and cooled to just below 727°C (1341°F).      (a)  What is the proeutectoid phase?      (b)  How many kilograms each of pearlite, the proeutectoid phase, and cementite form?