9. In pre-historic earth, where there exist no protein enzyme, ribozymes (ribose enzymes) seems to play their roles as catalysts. Rationale why they can be catalysts, while their precedent molecule DNA cannot be catalysts.
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- 8. Structures of three coenzymes involved in Phase II conjugation reactions are shown below. For each coenzyme, circle the portion of the coenzyme that is transferred during metabolic reaction. NH, CH NH, COO CH, H2C OH CH НО O-UDP HC H H ОН он он UDP-Glucuronate S-Adenosylmethionine (S-AdoMet) SCo AcetylSCo1. Describe the structure of a nucleotide. 2. Describe the role of ATP in metabolic (anablic and catabolic) reactions 3. Describe how feedback inhibition work. PLEASEEEEEEEE ANSWER ALLA monosaccharide is formed from a polysaccharide in what kind of reaction? oxidation-reduction reaction anabolic reaction catabolic reaction biosynthetic reaction
- 3. Below is an image of sucrose. HO OH OH HO- HO OH OH НО (a) Using sucrose as a substrate, draw a schematic reaction for a general glycosidase. Explain whether your mechanism corresponds to an inverting or a retaining type enzyme. C :) (b) The two products can occur in a range of forms in solution. How many forms might you expect in this case, and explain how these interconvert. C 25. Acetaminophen (Tylenol™) is a common NSAID but is hepatotoxic in high doses. It is therefore very important to excrete this xenobiotic from our bodies. Phase II Drug metabolism does this by conjugating the molecule with Glucuronic acid. Choose true statements for this organic reaction: Phase lI: Glucuronidation (Conjugation) vー4 (UDPGA] но но UGT он acetaminophen glucuronide ENZ-B: ENZ = Enzyme: UDP-glucuronyitransferase (UGT) но. но но. он Uridine diphosphate glucuronic acid abbrv.: UDP-Glucuronic acid (ÚDPGA); "activated" Glucuronic acid I: Glucuronidation, i.e., adding glucuronic acid to a molecule, makes it more water-soluble. II: The phenol of acetaminophen is now part of an acetal as the glucuronide product. III: Glucuronic acid has a pKa of 3.21 and will be primarily protonated at physiological pH = 7.40. IV: Activated glucuronic acid (UDPGA) has a good diphosphate leaving group. V: This biotransformation would be classified as an oxidation reaction. [a] I, IV, & V [b] III &…4. Variants of biological compounds that contain a radioactive element (e.g. 14C, ³H, ³2P) in place of a nonradioactive isotope (e.g. ¹2C, ¹H, 32P) are called "radiolabeled". Radiolabled compounds are utilized by cells and organisms just like non-radiolabeled compounds are, but the presence of the radiolabel allows the metabolic fate of the compound to be tracked. a. Suppose that you want to radioactively label DNA but not RNA in dividing and growing bacterial cells. Which radioactive molecule would you add to the bacterial culture medium? Specify the position of the radioactive atom in the molecule you've chosen. b. Suppose that you want to enzymatically synthesize DNA in which the backbone phosphorus atoms are uniformly labeled with 32P. Which precursors should be added to a solution containing DNA polymerase and template DNA? Specify the position of radioactive atoms in these precursors.
- 3. Which of the following statements regarding enzymes and transition states is true? a. stabilization of the transition state must be less than stabilization of ES for catalysis to occur b. binding of substrate to an enzyme often causes strain, thus promoting transition state formation c. the transition state conformation of an enzyme catalyzed reaction is identical to the conformation seen in the uncatalyzed transition state d. formation of the transition state always assures that the reaction will proceed to product e. none of the above are true 4. What is the starting point for selection of a suitable ion-exchange chromatography matrix for purification of a recombinant protein? a. Prediction of isoelectric point (pl) from the amino acid sequence. b. Test protein binding to an ion-exchange matrix at a range of pHs and salt concentrations. c. Test protein binding to a selection of anion and cation exchange matrices. d. Pass your sample through a preparative column and elute with a…7. What is the activation site of an enzyme? 8. What does it mean to denature an enzyme? 9. List at least 2 ways an enzyme may be denatured. 10. Explain the difference between endergonic and exergonic reactions.5. a. In the process of converting ADP to ATP, water is circle one: (REQUIRED / RELEASED) and therefore this is called a reaction type. Does this type of reaction require an enzyme? circle one: (NO/YES / sometimes ) This reaction circle one: (REQUIRES / RELEASES) energy! b. In the process of converting ATP to ADP, water is circle one: (REQUIRED / RELEASED) and therefore this is called a reaction type. Does this type of reaction require an enzyme? circle one: (NO/YES / sometimes) This reaction circle one: (REQUIRES / RELEASES) energy! c. A given molecule of ATP can be broken down to ADP + P close to 1500 times in a day ("ATP cycle"). This is occurring in order to for cellular work. List a few examples of cellular work. d. Where does the energy to make ATP come from? It doesn't make sense to use ATP to make ATP. The energy to make ATP comes from specifically these types of macromolecules: and
- 2. Identify the following type of biomolecule or biopolymer. Pay attention to whether it is a signle biomolecule or an actual biopolymer a. H OH CH OH OH CH,OH H. H. OH HO H. H. H. H. CH,OH CH,OH b. H2N N: N- N. HO-P-O OH1. Based on the experiment 5, the chemical test for the components of nucleic acid. Why does diluted NaOH solution very soluble in yeast RNA?Explain answer. 2.Why does yeast RNA are insoluble in cold water, 95% ethanol and diluted in HCl? Explain your answer. 3.What is the function of enzyme: L-ascorbate oxidase Pyruvate carboxylase Alcohol dehydrogenase Cytochrome oxidase Aconitase Amidase Succinate dehydrogenase1. In cellular reactions, if compound C reacts with the allosteric site of enzyme A, this would be? A. Noncompetitive inhibition B. Induction C.positive feedback D. Competitive synthesis 2. Is compound B a substrate for enzyme B? 3. Sugar digestion (catabolism) van be used as a diagnostic indicator when trying to identify bacteria. Why are so many different sugars, instead of just glucose used as a way to separate out bacteria species? A. Because bacteria can metabolize all sugars, just at different rates. B. Because not all bacteria can metabolize all sugars. C. Because sugars are metabolized by bacteria into just glucose. D. Because catabolism of sugars is an energetic reaction. 4. Member of the mycoplasma genus of bacteria do not have a cell wall for protection, existing with only a simple cell membrane made up of fatty avids and phospholipids. They cannot however, synthesize their own fatty acids. How is this possible? A. They use host materials B. They use peptidoglycan from other…