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- 3. A patient has got excess carbohydrate meal for the years and gain the weight. To explain this: a) draw the schemes of TAG synthesis in the liver; b) describe the transport of TAG from the liver to adipose tissue; c) describe the functions of insulin in the conversion of glucose to TAG in the liver and adipose tissue. Glucose containing Catoms was added to isolated hepatocytes inanexperiment. Ifthe glucose was added in excess, the rate of triacylglyccrol synthesis increased.7. To improve the digestion of food proteins in chronic inflammatory-dystrophic disorders of the pancreatic gland, stomach or intestine patients are prescribed mezym forte (pancreatin) containing pancreatic enzymes. What is the remedial mechanism of this drug? For the answer: a) enumerate enzymes digesting proteins in the gastrointestinal tract; b) specify the mechanism of proteolytic enzyme activation; c) draw the schemes of these enzymes activation, point out the activators; d) explain the specificity of proteases; e) describe the consequences of these enzymes activation in the tissue of pancreas.8. Hypercholesterolemia is a frequent complication of diabetes mellitus in patients with prolonged hyperglycemia. Why a high level of glucose in blood causes hypercholesterolemia and atherosclerosis? For the answer explain: a) how glucose can interact with the proteins and the consequences of this reaction for the proteins; b) glycation of which proteins results in hypercholesterolemia; c) possible causes and complications of hypercholesterolemia.
- 8. The adipose tissue is not only store triacylglycerols but also is active endocrine organ. Explain this function of the adipose tissuc. For that: a) explain the «clinical obesity» and possible consequences of the discase; b) name the biologically active molecules secreted by the adipose tissue; c) explain how secretion of these molecules changes with development of obesity. 9. A daily dict ofa 55-ycar-old woman, consisted ofa 500 g of carbohydrates, 100g of animal fats and 150 g of proteins, at the background of low physical activity.1. What is the major tissue source of Alanine Aminotransferase? 2. What is the clinical significance of elevated serum Alanine aminotransferase?1. Discuss why a saturated fatty acid like lauric acid has a good anti-oxidant property. 2. Why are the essential fatty acid associated with low incidence of heart disease? Cite some clinical signs of essential fatty acid deficiency. 3. Explain how aspirin can block the synthesis of prostaglandins?
- 3. After 12 days of starvation, a man reduced his weight by 4 kg. The doctor prescribed him biochemical blood test to analyze the level of lipids in serum blood. The results showed an elevated level of free fatty acids and triacylglycerols. Explain the results of the biochemical blood test. For that: a) name the main hormone which manages metabolism during starvation; b) draw the scheme of this hormone action on the adipose tissue; c) name the possible pathways of fatty acids usage in the liver during starvation and write down the proper schemes.1. TRUE OR FALSE a) Higher Rf value will be obtained from dextrin than that of glucose in a reverse-phase TLC. b) Salivary amylase is used to hydrolyzed α(1à4) glycosidic bonds in carbohydrates.8. In patients after prolonged hepatitis, the ALT and AST activities were measured in the blood serum. What transaminase activity is inereased to a greater extent, and why? For the answer: a) explain the meaning of the enzyme diagnostics; b) draw the scheme of reactions catalyzed by ALT and AST; c) point out coenzyme of these reactions; describe vitamin from which this cocnzyme is derived; d) describe the biological importance of this type of reactions in amino acid metabolism; e) specify the demands which are claimed to enzymes been used in enzyme diagnostics.
- 7. Explain the differences between Glycogenolysis in muscle and liver.8. Patients on Irinotecan therapy increase production of hCES2 even though hCES2 breaks it down. (10.1093/inci/div132) Knowing this, How would you think about determining the optimum dosage of both drugs (Irinotecan and Compound 24) in a patient with chronic diarrhea/ulcerative colitis that is being treated for colon cancer? (There are a lot of right answers here). (Remember, Irinotecan and Compound 24 are BOTH binding hCES2).1. Explain the formation of thioether-linked prenyl anchor proteins and also explain the structure of caveolae.
