66 B 97 77 -Rab39 68 A Rab2 -Rab81.b 57 Rab@1.c Rab81.a 77 C Rabla DULE -Rab14 Rab4b ? F 93 87 D 100 E G 70 99 H 72 72 89 . 59 53 100 82 Ypt1 100 -Ypt Rablb RAL -RabA6.a RabA6.b Rab30 100RabC2.a Rab19 92 Rabc2b -RabC1 Rab18 -RabA5.c RabA5.b RabA1.g RabA1 RabA1.h RabA1.e Rab35 RabA1.d RabA1. -RabA1.b RabA1.a RabA1 Rab01 72ab02. RabD2 b 97 Rabla Rab02a -RabA2.b RabA2.a 99 Rabic Rabb RabA5. -RabA5.d RabA2. RabA2.d RabAS Raba Rabila Rab11b, 100 RabF2.a -RabF2.b 88rRabE1d RabE14 72 -RabH1.b L100 Raba Rablo RabA4.d RabA4.c RabA4.a RabA3 -Yp152 Rab21 RabA4.b -Rab13b 98Rab1.c Rabb 99 Rabda Sect 100 Y31 -Rab25 Ypt51 84 -RabF1 Rab24 -Yp153 -RabH1, RabA4.e "Rabi1.d Yp132 Rab 10 -Yotto Rab17 Rab20 Rab28 RabH1.c Rabi1.a -Rabba Rabab -Rab34 Rab36 Rab26 -Rab22b Rab13 -Rab12 -Rab22a Rab37 Rab15 -Ypt7 Rab9 . 84 Rab40a Rab40b Rab7 Rab23 Rabb38 Rabla Rable -Rab3b Rabid Rab27a -Rab27b RabG2 -RabG1.b -Rab03.a RabG3 Rab Rabd3.d -Rab63.c Rab32 M Arabidopsis Mammal RabF1 RabF2 RabG2 RabG1 RabG1 Rab G3 Rab H1 Rab A1 Rab A2 Rab A4 Rab A3 Rab A6 Rab A5 . Rab C2 Rab C1 Rab D1 Rab D2 Rab E1 Rab B1 Rab22 Rab21 Rab17 Rab24 - Rab5 Ypt51/52/53 Ypt5 Rab7 Rab9 Rap3: b32 1538 ab29 b23 b34 636 Rab6 Rab11 Rab25 . . - -. Rab33 Rab30 Rab19 Rab18 . Rab1 Rab35 Rab8 Rab13 Rab10 Rab26 Rab37 Rab12 Rab3 Rab27 Rab15 Rab40 S.C. Rab2 Rab4 Rab14 Rab39 Ypt10 Ypt7 Ypt6 Ypt31/32 - . . . - . . Ypt1 - . - - ▪ - - . S.p. - Sec4 Ypt2 - Ypt7 Ryh1 Ypt3 . . . - - Ypt1 - - • . - . RabF1, ARA6, associated with putative endosomal compartments. Rab22, associated with endosomes. RabF2b, associated with putative endosomal compartments. Rab 5, transport from PM to early endosomes and early endosome fusion I Ypt51, transport from PM to early endosomes and between endosomal compartments Associated with apical PM in epithelial cells Rab17, transcytosis in epithelial cells ScYpt7, late-endosome to vacuole and vacuole fusion Rab7, late endosome to lysosome Rab9, late endosome to trans-Golgi network Ypt6, endosome to Golgi Rab6A, retrograde traffic within the Golgi and from TGN and Golgi to ER Rab6A', retrograde traffic from early endosome to TGN Rab11, transport from recycling endosomes to PM, and between endosomes and Golgi Ypt31/32, transport from late Golgi and to endosomes and PM Rab25, transport through recycling endosomes PsRabA4 (Pra3) localised to post-Gogi prevacuolar compartments; distinct from PsRabA3 PsRabA3 (Pra2) localised to post-Gogi prevacuolar compartments; distinct from PsRabA4 ArRabA5.c (ARA4) localised to Golgi and adjacent vesicles Golgi associated Golgi associated Rab18 associated with endosomes, especially in epithelial cells (recycling to PM?) ScYpt1, ER to Golgi transport and early intra-Golgi transport Rab1, ER to intermediate-compartment/VTC and early intra-Golgi transport RabD2a, ER to Golgi transport Sec4, Golgi to PM (bud site) Ypt2, Golgi to PM Rab8, Golgi to basolateral PM in epithelial cells and regulated secretory granule exocytosis Associated with PM at tight junctions in epithelial cells Golgi associated Associated with secretory granules Associated with secretory granules Golgi associated Regulated secretion in neurones and neuroendocrine cells Melanosome transport in melanocytes Antagonist of endocytosis at PM Rab2, maturation of VTC (recycling from VTC to ER?) and intra Golgi traffic ArRabB1b and tobacco homologue Golgi localised; required for ER-Golgi traffic in pollen tubes Rab4, recycling from early endosome to PM Rab14, phagosome associated

Because of the relatively high frequency of meiotic errors that lead to developmental abnormalities in humans, many research efforts have focused on identifying correlations between error frequency and chromosome morphology and behavior. Tease et al. (2002) studied human fetal oocytes of chromosomes 21, 18, and 13 using an immunocytological approach that allowed a direct estimate of the frequency and position of meiotic recombination. Below is a summary of information [modified from Tease et al. (2002)] that compares recombination frequency with the frequency of trisomy for chromosomes 21, 18, and 13. (Note: You may want to read appropriate portions of Chapter 8 for descriptions of these trisomic conditions.) Trisomic Mean Recombination Frequency Live-born Frequency Chromosome 21 1.23 1/700 Chromosome 18 2.36 1/3000–1/8000 Chromosome 13 2.50 1/5000–1/19,000 (a) What conclusions can be drawn from these data in terms of recombination and nondisjunction frequencies? How might…

Linkage Mapping Using a Trihybrid Testcross in Fruit Flies Remember the black, purple, and vestigial genes from Exercise 1? Now you're going to have to construct a map of the same region from trihybrid testcross data. The new map should be similar to the one from Exercise 1, but it won't be identical because we're starting with a new, independent data set. BLACK PURPLE VESTIGIAL TRIHYBRID TESTCROSS In the parental generation, you mate a pure-breeding wild-type female (bl+/bl*pu*/pu+vg+/vg+ with a pure-breeding black, purple, vestigial male (bl/bl;pu/pu vg/vg) to produce an F1 generation that is all wild-type (bl/bliput/pu;vg+/vg). Note that the F1 flies are all trihybrid. Next, you mate several F1 trihybrid females (bl/bl:put/pu;vg+/vg) with tester males, which are black, purple, vestigial (bl/bl;pu/pu;vg/vg). The offspring of this trihybrid testcross are: Phenotype Wild-type Black, purple, vestigial Vestigial Black, purple Purple, vestigial Black Purple Black, vestigial bl pu vg bl pu…

what does the Depletion of essential gene products causes spontaneous DNA damage major result mean in this experiment? (interpretation)