6. In the human population, babies born with albinism occur at a rate of 1 in 20,000 births. The relative fitness of albinism is 0.9 a. What would the mutation rate have to be to keep this allele within the population? b. If the actual mutation rate was 10-8, would this be a sufficient rate of mutation to explain the level at which this allele is found within the population? If not provide a potential explanation for its existence.
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- Let's assume a disorder which has an estimated new mutation rate of .002. The incidence of the "p" allele is initially 0.4. After 20 generations, the frequency of "p" is (X) O and frequency of "q" is (Y2. Find X and Y. Answers 1-2 1. 2.You are investigating a newly emerging bacteriophage infecting your bacteria. There is a population of bacteria that are resistant to the disease. The allele frequency of the resistant allele is q=0.43. The mutation rate (Aàa) of the locus is 3.2 x 10-2. Assuming no back mutations, how do you expect the allele frequency of the recessive allele to change in the next generation? a. It will decrease a little b. It will not change c. It will decrease a lot d. It will increase a little e. It will increase a lotThe reason spontaneous mutations do not have an immediate effect on allele frequencies in a large population is that: a. mutations are random events, and mutations may be eitherbeneficial or harmful. b. mutations usually occur in males and have little effect oneggs. c. many mutations exert their effects after an organism hasstopped reproducing. d. mutations are so rare that mutated alleles are greatlyoutnumbered by nonmutated alleles. e. most mutations do not change the amino acid sequence of aprotein.
- Step 1 The branch of Biological Sciences that deals with the study of genome is known as Genomics. The genome is the complete set of genetic information present in an organism. As per the guidelines, the answers for the first 3 questions are being provided here. The student is requested to upload the remaining questions separately. Step 2 Question 1: GWAS or Genome-wide Association Study is a method for identifying the genes that are responsible for giving an organism its phenotype. This method is very useful because - • It provides information on the SNPs that need our attention in order to know about the genetic risk for a particular condition in an organism. • The SNP identification makes it possible to understand the mechanisms that might cause the genetic risk and also might provide a scope to clarify the differences between the alleles. • This method can find genomic variants that cause a particular trait or disease in an individual. GWAS can solve problems such as - Finding out…1. Imagine a population of 100 snails in which the shell colour is controlled by two alleles: B (black) and b (yellow). (1) What is the total number of loci for shell colour gene in this population? (ii) In the snail population described above, 20 out of the snails are yellow (bb) and 80 are black (BB or Bb). Of the 80 black snails=, 30 are homozygous and 50 are heterozygous. How many loci for this gene are occupied by the B allele? (ii) What is the frequency of the B allele? (iv) Assuming that sexual reproduction takes place with random mating, no gene flow and no selection, what will be the frequency of yellow snails in next generation of the population described above? (v) What will be the frequency of the b allele in the next generation of the snail population described belowТext 7. If 96 out of 200 individuals in a population express the recessive phenotype, what percent of the population are heterozygotes? 40% 8. A hypothetical population of 100,000 humans has 68,240 individuals with the blood type AA, 28,735 individuals with blood type AB and 3025 individuals with the blood type BB. a. What is the frequency of each genotype in this population? b. What is the frequency of the A allele? c. What is the frequency B allele? d. If the next generation contained 250,000 individuals, how many individuals would have blood type BB, assuming the population is in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium?
- 9. (A) What would be the gene map for the following genes with known recombination frequencies? D and A is 5.1 cM, A and C is 15.8 cM, A and B is 7.8 cM, C and D is 10.7 cM, and C and B is 8.0 cM. While doing gene map, I figure it out that sequence of genes on gne is AD BC (B) Which two genes are the closest and which are the farthest? |1. A new species of animal called the rekamriliob has been found in the wild. The lab you work in has been tasked with studying its genetics. So far, there have been 2 main phenotypes found in the wild. Through selective breeding, your lab has determined that the gene for purple color (P) is dominant to the gene for golden color (p). Another lab has determined that the thick limb trait is dominant to the thin limb variety. If you breed a purebred purple thick limbed rekamreliob male with a golden thin limbed female, you get 100% thick limed offspring that are purple in color. If you take two of these organisms and breed them together, please predict the following. Assume that rekameliobs lay an average of 32 eggs. The gametes produced if the genes are unlinked b. genes The expected numbers of the possible phenotype in the offspring with unlinked The gametes produced if the genes are linked (list all possibilities, and show which ones are the result of crossing over) d. List the…2. Galactosemia is a recessive disorder characterized by the accumulation of galactose in tissues that leads to mental retardation and eye and kidney damage (Campbell et al. 2003). In a population with 1000 individuals and at Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, the frequency of individuals with galactosemia is 4%. () a. What are the frequencies of the dominant and recessive alleles? b. What is the expected frequency of the homozygous dominant in the population? c. What would be the expected frequency of the heterozygotes in the population after five generations?
- 36. The E gene in chickens affects feather colour. The dominant phenotype is black feathers, heterozygotes have blue feathers, and the recessive phenotype is white feathers. After surveying a large population of chickens that escaped from a farm many generations ago, 23% are black feathered, 14% are blue, and 63% are white. Which evolutionary force has most likely acted on the E gene? A. Heterozygote advantage. B. Selection against the dominant phenotype. C. Inbreeding. D. Blue feathered chickens have immigrated into the population. E. None, the population is in Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium.63. In an isolated population, a single mutation allele of the cystic fibrosis transmembrane regulator (CFTR) gene is present at a frequency of 0.1. The normal CFTR allele and the mutation allele are in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium in this population. Which of the following is the approximate frequency of homozygosity for the normal CFTR allele in this population? A) 0 OB) 0.01 C) 0.05 D) 0.2 E) 0.5 F) 0.8 G) 1.0 Сони back to3. Albinism is a rare genetically inherited trait expressed in the phenotype of homozygous recessive individuals (aa). The most characteristic symptom is deficiency in skin and hair pigment production of melanin. This condition can occur among any human group as well as among other animal species. The average human frequency of albinism in North America is about 1 in 20,000. Assuming Hardy-Weinberg, what percentage of people in N.A. carry the albinism allele and probably do not realize it?