My apologies for not providing the article earlier! Here is the question with the article. Due to upload limits imposed by Bartleby, I will provide the remaining text that cannot be given in images here.Please note, this extra text begins from the word "patient" from the second image:population. Suresh says that in recent years, vaccine development efforts have shifted away from live vaccines toward protein vaccines because an increasing number of people are living with compromised immune systems due to chemotherapy, radiation treatments or conditions such as HIV/AIDS. 5. Read the article on the following pages and answer the questions below. Be sure toreview the diagrams carefully!a. Compare and contrast the biochemical differences between traditionalvaccines and this newly developed vaccine. What makes one possibly moreeffective than the other?b. Choose from one of the following issues surrounding vaccines and explainwhy you think T-cell based or traditional vaccines would be better suited toaddress the concern?Vaccines for pregnant women or immunocompromised individualsCost and availability of vaccines in developing countriesReligious or cultural opposition to vaccinationNew T-cell-based vaccine strategy providesbroader protection against seasonal influenzaPhagocytenCelCelldestructionCall infectedT-cellReplicationCytokines15Activationof T-cellIn a study published in 'Cell Reports Medicine today (Sept. 22), scientists describe a T-cell based vaccine strategy that is effective against multiple strains of influenza virus. Theexperimental vaccine, administered through the nose, delivered long-lasting, multi-prongedprotection in the lungs of mice by rallying T-cells, specialist white blood cells that quicklyeliminate viral invaders through an immune response.The research suggests a potential strategy for developing a universal flu vaccine, "so youdon't have to make a new vaccine every year," explains Marulasiddappa Suresh, aprofessor of immunology. The findings also aid understanding of how to induce andmaintain T-cell immunity in the respiratory tract, a knowledge gap that has constrained thedevelopment of immunization strategies. The researchers believe the same approachcould apply to several other respiratory pathogens, including COVID-19. "We don'tcurrently have any vaccine for humans on the market that can be given into the mucosaand stimulate T-cell immunity like this," says Suresh. Traditional flu vaccines work by arming the immune system with an enhanced ability torecognize and fight off the flu virus. Vaccines introduce proteins found on the surface of fluviruses, prompting the immune system to produce antibodies that are primed to reactshould the virus attack. However, because strains must be predicted ahead of flu seasonin order o produce vaccines, the vaccine in any given year may not completely match theviral strains in circulation that season. Flu viruses frequently mutate and can differ acrosstime and from region to region. In addition, protection is neither long-lasting nor universal."Even though current vaccines that people get annually stimulate antibody responses,these antibodies don't cross-protect," notes Suresh. "If there is a new flu strain not found inthat year's vaccine, the antibodies that we generated last year won't be able to protect.That's when pandemics happen because there is a completely new strain for which wehave no antibodies. That is a really big problem in the field."The vaccine being developed is directed against an internal protein of influenza --specifically, nucleoprotein. This protein is conserved between flu strains, meaning itsgenetic sequences are similar across different strains of flu. The vaccine also utilizes aspecial combination of ingredients, or adjuvants, that enhance an immune response, whichthe researchers developed to stimulate protective T-cells in the lungs. These adjuvantsspur T-cells to form into different subtypes -- in the case of the experimental flu vaccine,memory helper T-cells and killer T-cells. By doing so, the vaccine leverages multiplemodes of immunity.OCytotoxic T cells recognizeinfected cell, leading to cell deathCylic T1. Immune attack2. Infected cell killed ✓APCS recruit2OB cells releaseneutralizing antibodiesBelsh1. Virus16cannot bind2. Cells not affected by virus ✓Killer T-cells hunt down and kill influenza virus-infected cells. Helper T-cells assist killer T-cells and produce molecules to promote influenza control. In laboratory studies, the teamfound that both T-cell types were needed to protect against flu. The vaccine's combinationof adjuvants makes it adaptable to other pathogens and "expands the toolbox" for vaccineresearch, notes Suresh. He and his team have devised ways to program immunity totarget multiple respiratory viruses. They are currently testing the same vaccine strategyagainst tuberculosis. The researchers believe the same vaccine technology can be appliedagainst SARS-CoV-2, the coronavirus that causes COVID-19. "Based on the COVID-19immunology, we know this vaccine strategy would most likely work," says Suresh.In the case of the UW-Madison team's vaccine, because it is a protein vaccine and not alive vaccine, it should be safe for delivery to those who are pregnant orimmunocompromised -- an advantage in delivering protection to a wider patient17Along with its adaptability, this vaccine approach may harbor important safety benefits.Typically, long-lasting T-cell immune responses are stimulated by live vaccines. Forinstance, the measles, mumps, and 'chickenpox' vaccines administered worldwide are live,replicating vaccines -- essentially benign versions of the pathogenic organism. These livevaccines stimulate strong, almost lifelong immunity. However, they can't typically be givento pregnant or immunocompromised individuals due to health risks.

Vaccination plays a crucial role in preventing the spread of infectious diseases and protecting…

Answered: 5. Read the article on the following…

11th Edition

ISBN:9780134580999

Author:Elaine N. Marieb, Katja N. Hoehn

Publisher:Elaine N. Marieb, Katja N. Hoehn

Chapter1: The Human Body: An Orientation

Section: Chapter Questions

Problem 1RQ: The correct sequence of levels forming the structural hierarchy is A. (a) organ, organ system,...