41- Gamma motor neurons: a- Causes contraction of the equatorial region of an intrafusal fiber b- Are never activated simultaneously as alpha motor neurons. c- Can regulate the sensitivity of the muscle spindle. d- Innervate and regulate the sensitivity of the Golgi tendon.
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- Increased γ-motor neuron discharge stimulates muscle spindles, because :-a- it produces stretch of the extrafusal muscle fibersb- it causes stretch of the peripheral regions of the intrafusal fibersc- it causes stretch of the central region of the intrafusal fibersd- it stimulates directly the sensory fibers innervating muscle spindlesThe discharge from Golgi tendon organs initiated by excessive stretch ofa skeletal muscle produces :-a- inhibition of α -motor neurons of antagonistic musclesb- inhibition of γ-motor neurons of antagonistic musclesc- inhibition of α -motor neurons of the same muscled- stimulation of γ-motor neurons of the same muscleγ-motor neurons control muscle tone by :-a- adjusting the supraspinal facilitatory dischargeb- adjusting the α -motor neuron dischargec- adjusting the muscle spindle discharged- adjusting the activity of interneurons in the reflex arc of muscle tone
- 43. Activation of Golgi tendon organ of a given muscle: a- Activates motor neurons that return to the Golgi tendon organ itself. b- Produces IPSPS on the alpha motor neuron that returns on that muscle. C- Produces EPSPS on the alpha motor neuron that returns on that muscle. d- Produced by a contraction of that muscle.Interruption of γ-motor neuron discharge to a skeletal muscle produces :-a- contraction of the muscleb- contraction of the spindle fibersc- relaxation of the spindle fibersd- increased sensory discharge from the spindle fibersHow is the muscular contraction stopped (i.e.: how does a muscle relax after contraction)? 1. The brain stops sending the nerve impulse that commands the muscle to contract, interrupting communication at the neuromuscular junction 2. Acetylcholineesterase (AChE) is released into the synaptic cleft to destroy any remaining Acetylcholine 3. No mechanism is necessary. When the antagonist begins to contract, it forces relaxation and stretch of the agonist muscle. 4. Relaxation occurs as the myosin heads are "snapped" off of the thick filaments. This interrupts the crossbridge and allows for muscles to stretch 5. Relaxation only occurs if the brain sends a "stop" signal to the muscle
- γ-motor neuron discharge to a muscle is inhibited by impulses reaching the γ-motor neurons from all the following source, except :-a- Golgi tendon organs of the same muscleb- spindles of antagonistic musclesc- medullary reticular formationd- pontine reticular formationInterruption of spindle discharge from a muscle causes contraction of the muscle to become jerky and irregular due to :-a- increased activity of reverberating circuits causing fluctuation of the motor discharge to the muscleb- increased activity of inhibitory interneurons causing oscillating inhibition of the α-motor neurons of the musclec- irregular discharge of excitatory inputs to the α-motor neurons of the muscle d- post-tetanic potentiation of the α-motor neurons of the muscle39- The firing rate for primary sensory neuron of spindle muscle is: a- High during stretching the muscle. b- Interrupted during extinction the muscle. c- Steady, neither increased nor decreased. d- High during contraction.
- Discharge from muscle spindles could be increased by all the following, except :-a- increased α-motor neuron dischargeb- increased γ-motor neuron dischargec- stretch of the intrafusal muscle fibersd- stretch of the extrafusal muscle fibersWhen the γ-motor neuron discharge to a muscle decreases, it causes :-a- increased muscle spindle dischargeb- shortening of the spindle fibersc- stronger contraction of the extrafusal muscle fibersd- decreased spindle sensitivity to stretchCo-activation of α and γ-motor neurons :-a- increases γ-motor neuron discharge whenever the activity of α-motor neurons rises to a high levelb- is mediated by interneurons that link the α and γ-motor neuronsc- maintains the proprioceptive information to higher centers during muscle contractiond- increases the α-motor neuron discharge whenever the activity of γ-motor neurons rises to a high level