4. Using the phylogeny below from McCarthy et al. 2014. Identify whether the statements are true or false. a. Vitis vinifera (grape) is more closely related to Oryza sativa (rice) than Carica papaya (papaya). b. Populus tricocharpa (black cottonwood) and Medicacago truncatula (barrelclover) are considered sister taxa. c. Selaginella moellendorffi (spike moss) is more closely related to Physocomitrella patens (earth moss) than Sorghum bicolor (great millet) d. Populus tricocharpa (black cottonwood) is more advanced than Arabidopsis thaliana (thale cress). Dicots Populus tricocharpa Medicacago truncatula Arabidopsis thaliana Carica papaya Vitis vinifera Monocots Oryza sativa Land plants Mosses e. There is no way to tell which species evolved first from this phylogeny. Lycophytes Chlorophytes Sorghum bicolor Selaginella moellendorffii Physcomitrella patens Penium margaritaceum Nitella hyalina Spirogyra pratensis Chlamydomonas reinhardtii Charophytes

explain the raspberries common ancestor from the given clade.

Sketch the generated phylogenetic tree below and color the branches of the generated phylogenetic tree according the the island: 1) Anolis sheplani 2) Anolis cybotes 3) Anolis olssoni 4) Anolis celestinus 5) Anolis occultus 6) Anolis cristatellus 7) Anolis puchellus 8) Anolis evermanni Hispaniola Species - Blue Puerto Rico Species - Red 1) What can you conclude about the relatedness of anole lizards living on these two islands?

с C C Blue Oak (B) Oregon Oak (0) Valley Oak (V) Coast Live Oak (C) Which character(s) in the data matrix are parsimony informative? B B B Tree 1 X X B 1 A T T T T T B B 2 A A 2, 4, and 6 3 Tree 2 তত ত Use the diagrams below to: Draw the three possible unrooted trees for the four taxa in the data matrix. Map each informative character, correctly showing the changes on each tree. Circle the most parsimonious tree Please draw out your response to questions 2-4 using the template below as a guide, take a picture, and list the correct number of steps and then insert the picture below. G с G 4CCG G с G G SATIG 5 6 G 5559 G B B C X X X G C B Tree 3 X

What could the lengths of the branches on the x-axis represent? (choose all that apply, no partial credit) Choice 1 of 4:Time Choice 2 of 4:Size of species Choice 3 of 4:number of genetic change Choice 4 of 4:number of species

When using a cladistic approach to systematics, which of the following is considered most important for classification? a. shared plesiomorphy b. analogous plesiomorphy c. the number of homoplasies O d. shared apomorphy O e. overall phenotypic similarity

1.What is the scientific name of the beluga whale? 2.Write the common name of another species that is in the same CLASS as the beluga whale. 3.Bees and bats both fly, and their wings would be considered: A.Analogous Traits B.Homologous Traits

2. Examine the phylogeny below, which is the phylogeny for all extant species from a genus of birds, constructed using nuclear sequences (the numbers simply label the species). 2 3 Clade A 5 6 Clade B 1 7 (a) Give two explanations for why there are more species in clade A compared to B (i.e. I want general explanations for why some clades have more species than others 4.