4) Which one of the following statements is incorrect about CO emission? O It is a by product of complete oxidation of carbon present in fuel O Itl is comparatively lower in Cl engines O It represents lost chemical energy O It is more when rnicher fuel air mixtures are combusted 5) Which one of the following statements is true about NOx emissions? Ol is predominant at lower temPeratures. O Reducing NOx improves engine performance ONOX does not lead to smog formation ONOX can lead to the formation of ground evel ozone 6) Which one of the following statements is true in the case of higher injection pressures in CI engines? Ot would lead to poor fuel atomization. O Particulates would increase in the exhaust O leads to poorer combustion O The potential for higher unburnt HC in emissions decreases
Design Against Fluctuating Loads
Machine elements are subjected to varieties of loads, some components are subjected to static loads, while some machine components are subjected to fluctuating loads, whose load magnitude tends to fluctuate. The components of a machine, when rotating at a high speed, are subjected to a high degree of load, which fluctuates from a high value to a low value. For the machine elements under the action of static loads, static failure theories are applied to know the safe and hazardous working conditions and regions. However, most of the machine elements are subjected to variable or fluctuating stresses, due to the nature of load that fluctuates from high magnitude to low magnitude. Also, the nature of the loads is repetitive. For instance, shafts, bearings, cams and followers, and so on.
Design Against Fluctuating Load
Stress is defined as force per unit area. When there is localization of huge stresses in mechanical components, due to irregularities present in components and sudden changes in cross-section is known as stress concentration. For example, groves, keyways, screw threads, oil holes, splines etc. are irregularities.
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