33. Which of the following is a typical hotspot for mutations? a. often located where adenine is methylated b. often located where thymine is methylated c. often located where guanine is methylated d. often located where cytosine is methylated 34. In Garrod's study, mutation in gene lead to accumulation of

43. What type of genetic alteration allows p53 to promote cell growth? A. Translocation B .Methylation of CpG islands C. Point mutation D. Frameshift mutation E. Wobble pairing

Identify the best match between the mutation description and term.   a. Transversion: results in a change in single nucleotide from a purine to another purine or a pyrimidine to another pyrimidine   b. Nonsense mutation: a change in the DNA that changes the codon code from one amino acid to another amino acid   c. Missense mutation: causes a drastic change in phenotype because the change causes a premature stop in the amino acid sequence   d. Indel: has the potential to cause large changes in transcription and subsequence amino acid sequence due to reading frameshifts

28. Approximately 50 % of the human genome is composed of  a. protein-coding genes b. ribosomal RNA genes c. mobile genetic elements like transposons and retrotransposons d. introns e. promoter sequences.

36. Non-sense mutation results to the formation of a shorter protein than what should be synthesized. true or false

1. Determine the effect of the following mutations on the DNA sequence. In each case, the mutation is described after the sequence (REFER TO THE SUPPLEMENTAL DOCUMENT FOR GUIDANCE TO THIS QUESTION). Adenine nucleotide (A shown in red below) was inserted into the DNA sequence at the position indicated by the arrow). Write out the sequence of the mutated DNA and the protein made from it. What is the effect of this mutation on the protein? (For example, how will the mutation affect the length and sequence of the protein? What about the function of the protein?) A 3' TACATGG'TTGTGCTAATT 5'

Part 1: Matching Match the term with its corresponding definition.   a. Insertion e. Nonsense Mutation b. Deletion f. Missense Mutation c. Frameshift Mutation g. Germ-line Cells d. Silent Mutation h. Somatic Cells     ____       1.            Remove a base or bases   ____       2.            Add a base or bases   ____       3.            Mutations in these cells are not passed to future generations but are passed to other body cells derived from them   ____       4.            Mutation in which an amino acid is changed to a stop codon and the protein is truncated   ____       5.            Mutations in these cells are passed to future generations   ____       6.            Results if an insertion or deletion throws the reading frame of the gene message out of register   ____       7.            Mutation where the protein does not change   ____       8.            Mutation where a codon is changed resulting in another amino acid inserted in…

Which of the following mutations involve the loss of one or more nucleotides from a gene sequence?   a.Base-pair substitution b.Insertion c.Deletion

11. Distinguish among silent, missense, and nonsense point mutations.

32. dna methylation can change the degree of condensation of the chromatin  identify which describes the statement above a. pre-transcriptional controlb. transcriptional controlc. translational controld. post-translational control    i