3. What is the formal charge on the chlorine atom in the electron-dot structure for the perchlorate ion illustrated above? The charge on the ion is not shown in the figure. below. C104 a. 0 b. COQ ara C. d. +1 +2 +3 e. +4 f. +5 g. +6 h. +7 i. -1 j. -7 CFLS C1
Formal Charges
Formal charges have an important role in organic chemistry since this concept helps us to know whether an atom in a molecule is neutral/bears a positive or negative charge. Even if some molecules are neutral, the atoms within that molecule need not be neutral atoms.
Polarity Of Water
In simple chemical terms, polarity refers to the separation of charges in a chemical species leading into formation of two polar ends which are positively charged end and negatively charged end. Polarity in any molecule occurs due to the differences in the electronegativities of the bonded atoms. Water, as we all know has two hydrogen atoms bonded to an oxygen atom. As oxygen is more electronegative than hydrogen thus, there exists polarity in the bonds which is why water is known as a polar solvent.
Valence Bond Theory Vbt
Valence bond theory (VBT) in simple terms explains how individual atomic orbitals with an unpaired electron each, come close to each other and overlap to form a molecular orbital giving a covalent bond. It gives a quantum mechanical approach to the formation of covalent bonds with the help of wavefunctions using attractive and repulsive energies when two atoms are brought from infinity to their internuclear distance.
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![**Question:**
3. What is the formal charge on the chlorine atom in the electron-dot structure for the perchlorate ion illustrated below? The charge on the ion is not shown in the figure.
a. 0
b. +1
c. +2
d. +3
e. +4
f. +5
g. +6
h. +7
i. -1
j. -7
**Diagram Explanation:**
The diagram represents the electron-dot structure of the perchlorate ion, \[\text{ClO}_4^-\]. It shows a central chlorine atom bonded to four oxygen atoms. Each oxygen atom is depicted with six valence electrons arranged around it, indicating lone pairs. The chlorine atom is surrounded by seven valence electrons, arranged with one electron between each chlorine-oxygen bond, indicating shared pairs or bonding electrons.
The entire structure is enclosed in square brackets with a superscript negative sign, indicating the overall charge on the ion.](/v2/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fcontent.bartleby.com%2Fqna-images%2Fquestion%2Fd38dc3ae-53e5-4279-afed-9e69fa663b8c%2Feda90acc-0205-4854-9fd2-51a55ced3c3f%2Fv6w5k4n_processed.jpeg&w=3840&q=75)
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