3. The cell growth in problem 1 is now transitioned to a 12.0 L continuously-stirred tank reactor (a chemostat), but the feed only contains glucose as the carbon source, and the glucose is still the limiting nutrient. The initial cell concentration is 56 g cells/L The glucose is now supplied in a feed stream at 93 g/L, entering the tank at 2.5 L/h (also called the dilution rate, D). The reactor is operated at steady state in terms of flow rate, so the exit stream leaves as 2.5 L/h as well. The specific growth rate in the continuous rector follows the Monod equation, with Hmax = 0.51 h¹ and a saturation constant (Ks) of 71.4 g/L. Cell yield on glucose is 0.46 g cells/g glucose. A. Use the Monod equation to determine the specific growth rate for the cells. (assume the reactor has an initial glucose concentration of 93 g/L, and that the cells are in the exponential growth phase) B. Using the initial concentration of cells and the growth rate found in part A, what is the rate of new cell growth, dx/dt, in the bioreactor? C. At what rate do the cells initially consume glucose (in g/h, considering the reactor volume)? (assume the cells are growing in the exponential growth phase and all glucose is used to produce new cells- no product is formed and maintenance energy is negligible). (Use the stoichiometry and yield factors from problem 1) D. Determine which of these three events will occur in the reactor: (i) the cell concentration will stay the same (it is at steady state), (ii) the cell concentration will increase (cells are growing faster than they are leaving the reactor), or (iii) the bioreactor reaches washout conditions (washout is where the flowrate through the reactor causes the cells to leave faster than they are growing) E. At an inlet flowrate of 2.5 L/h, what concentration of glucose must be fed to run the chemostat bioreactor at steady state with a constant cell concentration of 56 g cells/L?

Batch culture time prediction: A strain of Escherichia coli has been genetically modified to produce human protein. A batch culture is started by inoculating 12 g of cells into a 100 liters bubble column fermenter containing 10 g/l glucose. The culture does not exhibit a phase lag. The maximum specific growth rate of the cells is 0.9 h^-1, the glucose biomass yield is 0.575 g/g. Estimate the time required to reach the stationary phase.

The hydrolysis of a substrate, S, by an enzyme has been studied in the lab. The following initial rates, vo, were recorded at different concentrations. [S] (M) Vo (M/min) 2.10-10-4 1.20.10-6 4.20-10-4 3.10.10-6 9.30-10-4 6.30-10-6 1.42-10-3 9.10-10-6 A. Determine the rate constants for degradation of the substrate B. What is the rate of reaction at [S] = 1.1.104 M? C. Explain, why enzymes can make reactions go faster? Does enzymes also catalyse the reverse reaction from product to substrate?

If we examine all of the enzymes involved in the CAC as it's own isolated pathway. What would be the sum of the Flux Control Coefficients (C) of all the enzymes involved in this pathway? O 2.3 O 0.4 O 1.5 1.0 O 0.0

● • 24) Determine the fraction of Vmax that would be found at a substrate concentration of ½2 Km, 2 Km and 10 Km.

Test Tube # Enzyme 1 (uL added) Product Formation (umol) 1 0 0 2 25 0.08 3 50 0.15 4 75 0.22 5 100 0.3 6 125 0.37 7 150 0.45 8 175 0.53 9 200 0.59 10 225 0.68 11 250 0.74     A. Make a graph is Excel/Google Sheets plotting Product formation (umol) on the y-axis and Enzyme volume added on the x-axis. Paste the graph below. Make sure to have axis labels and a title on the graph. B. What can you conclude from this graph, ie how is the amount of product formed changing as a function of the amount of enzyme present?

2C. A “pulse-chase" experiment using "C-labeled glucose can be carried out on a yeast extract that is maintained under strictly anaerobic conditions. The experiment consists of incubating a small amount of "C-labeled substrate (the pulse) with the yeast extract just long enough for each intermediate in the fermentation pathway to become labeled. The label is then “chased" through the pathway by the addition of excess unlabeled glucose. The chase effectively prevents any further entry of labeled glucose into the pathway. 2 ADP 2 ATP Glucose ---> CH3 2 NAD* 2 NADH 2 Pyruvate H H H-C-OH C=0 CH3 CH3 2 co, 2 Ethanol 2 Acetylaldehyde (1) If [1-"C]glucose (glucose labeled at C-1 with "C) is used as a substrate, will there be any "C in the product (ii) Lactic acid is the final fermentation product in vertebrates, while ethanol is the final fermentation product in yeast. Lactic acid can be converted back into glucose while ethanol can not be. In the space below, use a thermodynamic rationale to…

Yeast cells were incubated with and without glucose at three different temperatures for four minutes, during which the rate of CO2 production was measured with a CO2 sensor. What conclusions can be drawn from the results of the experiment?

4. You are examining a microorganism that is growing under anoxic conditions with no available terminal electron acceptors for NADH. Describe how this organism will go about catabolizing glucose under this condition.

I need help with a biology question on enzyme denaturation, I need help with questions, one and two, which is regarding the graph I made, please let me know if you have any questions, thanks Graph your observed results from Table 2. Include labeled axes, a descriptive title, and a colored key tothe data lines. Do not graph zero values.Further questions:-1. Looking at your graph, what trends occurred inTreatment 1,Treatment 2Treatment 3Treatment 4.Treatment 5Treatment 6   2. carbon dioxide was produced in treatment 6, what does that suggest about the experiment?