2a) Which of the following statements about pyruvate oxidation IS TRUE? a. NADH is oxidized in the process b. Four carbon dioxide molecules are released in the process c. The process takes place in the cytoplasm d. There is substrate level phosphorylation during the process e. Two pyruvate molecules are oxidized to two acetyl Co-A molecules. 2b) When there is sufficient oxygen, _____ ATP molecules can be made (theoretically) by cellular respiration. However, when oxygen is lacking, only _____ ATP molecules are made a. 32,2 b. 36,2 c. 30,4 d. 36,6 e. 46,2 2c) In the electron transport chain of cellular respiration: a. oxygen has the weakest pull on electrons b. NADH and FADH2 transfer phosphates in the inner mitochondrial membrane c. the energy that is released moves electrons from the matrix to the intermembrane space d. electrons move from protein to protein due to increasing electronegativity e. water oxidizes the last component of the chain.
Electron Transport Chain
The electron transport chain, also known as the electron transport system, is a group of proteins that transfer electrons through a membrane within mitochondria to create a gradient of protons that drives adenosine triphosphate (ATP)synthesis. The cell uses ATP as an energy source for metabolic processes and cellular functions. ETC involves series of reactions that convert redox energy from NADH (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) + hydrogen (H)) and FADH2(flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD)) oxidation into proton-motive force(PMF), which is then used to synthesize ATP through conformational changes in the ATP synthase complex, a process known as oxidative phosphorylation.
Metabolism
Picture a campfire. It keeps the body warm on a cold night and provides light. To ensure that the fire keeps burning, fuel needs to be added(pieces of wood in this case). When a small piece is added, the fire burns bright for a bit and then dies down unless more wood is added. But, if too many pieces are placed at a time, the fire escalates and burns for a longer time, without actually burning away all the pieces that have been added. Many of them, especially the larger chunks or damp pieces, remain unburnt.
Cellular Respiration
Cellular respiration is the cellular process involved in the generation of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) molecules from the organic nutritional source obtained from the diet. It is a universal process observed in all types of life forms. The glucose (chemical formula C6H12O6) molecules are the preferred raw material for cell respiration as it possesses a simple structure and is highly efficient in nature.
2a) Which of the following statements about pyruvate oxidation IS TRUE?
a. NADH is oxidized in the process
b. Four carbon dioxide molecules are released in the process
c. The process takes place in the cytoplasm
d. There is substrate level phosphorylation during the process
e. Two pyruvate molecules are oxidized to two acetyl Co-A molecules.
2b) When there is sufficient oxygen, _____ ATP molecules can be made (theoretically) by
a. 32,2
b. 36,2
c. 30,4
d. 36,6
e. 46,2
2c) In the electron transport chain of cellular respiration:
a. oxygen has the weakest pull on electrons
b. NADH and FADH2 transfer phosphates in the inner mitochondrial membrane
c. the energy that is released moves electrons from the matrix to the intermembrane space
d. electrons move from protein to protein due to increasing electronegativity
e. water oxidizes the last component of the chain.
2d) Which of the following statements about oxidative phosphorylation (chemiosmosis) is TRUE?
a. A concentration gradient of protons in the cytoplasm causes ATP production
b. A proton motive force moves protons through NAD reductase
c. ADP is phosphorylated in the matrix of the mitochondria
d. Conditions in the mitochondria can be either aerobic or anaerobic
e. When sunlight hits the inner membrane, electrons will initiate the chemiosmosis process.
2e) Aerobic respiration can be regulated by feedback inhibition. Which of the following substances can inhibit pyruvate dehydrogenase (also known as pyruvate decarboxylase)?
a. NADH
b. citrate
c. ATP
d. ADP
e. aceyl-CoA
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