2. Consider a hypothetical organism that produces 12 moles of NADH and 2 moles of FADH2 during the oxidation of glucose. If 4 of the 12 moles of NADH were synthesized during glycolysis, determine the expected ATP output from these coenzymes if the G-3-P shuttle system is used. 36 ATP 32 ATP 34 ATP 42 ATP

2. Consider a hypothetical organism that produces 12 moles of NADH and 2 moles of FADH2 during the oxidation of glucose. If 4 of the 12 moles of NADH were synthesized during glycolysis, determine the expected ATP output from these coenzymes if the G-3-P shuttle system is used. 36 ATP 32 ATP 34 ATP 42 ATP

Biology: The Dynamic Science (MindTap Course List)

4th Edition

ISBN:9781305389892

Author:Peter J. Russell, Paul E. Hertz, Beverly McMillan

Publisher:Peter J. Russell, Paul E. Hertz, Beverly McMillan

Chapter7: Cellular Respiration: Harvesting Chemical Energy

Section: Chapter Questions

Problem 8TYK

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Figure 27.3 illustrates the response of R (ATP-regenerating) and U (ATP-utilizing) enzymes to energy charge. a. Would hexokinase be an R enzyme or a U enzyme? Would glutamine: PRPP amidotransferase, the second enzyme in purine biosynthesis, be an R enzyme or a U enzyme? b. If energy charge = 0.5: Is the activity of hexokinase high or low? Is ribose-5-P pyrophosphokinase activity high or low? c. If energy charge = 0.95: Is the activity of hexokinase high or low? Is ribose-5-P pyrophosphokinase activity high or low?
3. A recently discovered mutant yeast has a shorter glycolytic pathway, and with a new enzyme that catalyzes the reaction: Glyceraldehyde-3-P + H₂ + NAD+ ‒‒‒‒‒‒> 3-phosphoglycerate + NADH+H* Would shortening the glycolytic pathway in this way benefit the cell? Explain. Consider metabolic outcomes only in anaerobic conditions.
2. The overall result of CH,OH + 2 NAD+ + 2 NADH glycolysis can be summarized by the equation on the right in which HO the glucose origins of the carbon atoms in pyruvate are color coded. Show by writing the reactions catalyzed by aldolase and triose phosphate isomerase and num- bering the carbons why this is the fate of glucose carbon atoms in pyruvate. Indicate numbering of carbons in Glucose-6-Pi, Fructose-1,6-BisPi, enzyme products, and pyruvate. HO + 2 Pi 2 + 2 ATP > OH + 2 ADP (CH3 + 2 H20 Glucose Pyruvate
1. Identify the oxidized coenzyme (letter abbreviation only) that participates in this reaction of the Kreb’s cycle. Succinate --> Fumarate 2. How many mol of NADH can be obtained upon the beta oxidation of stearic acid? 3. How many mol of ATP can be obtained upon the complete oxidation of 1 mol stearic acid? 4. How many steps in glycolysis in which ATO is converted to ADP?
3. The overall result of CH OH + 2 NAD+ O + 2 NADH glycolysis can be summarized by the equation on the right in HO- which the glucose origins of the carbon atoms in pyruvate are color coded. Decide which gly- colytic reactions are responsible for the indicated distribution and HO- + 2 Pi 2 + 2 ATP Но OH + 2 ADP CH3 + 2 H2O Glucose Pyruvate conversion of glucose atoms into pyruvate atoms Start by numbering of carbons in Glucose-6-Pi and Fructose-1,6-BisPi.
30. Runaway mitochondria 1 . Suppose that the mitochondria of a patient oxidize NADH irrespective of whether ADP is present. The P : O ratio for oxidative phosphorylation by these mitochondria is less than normal. Predict the likely symptoms of this disorder.
2. During glycolysis, glucose is converted to pyruvate. Pyruvate then is converted to Acetyl coA and enters the citric acid cycle. Per one (1) glucose molecule that undergoes glycolysis and TCA cycle, complete the table below Equivalence in ATP Products from glycolysis 1. ATP 2. _NADH Pyruvate ATP: produced ATP АТР ATPS 3. ATPS produced АТР АТР Products from TCA Equivalence in ATP NADH 5. _FADH2 6. GTP 4. ATPS ATPS ATPS АТР TOTAL ATP Produced 7. ATP
3. Explain the total (net) yield of ATP from Aerobic respiration in three of the different stages of cellular respiration (Glycolysis, Krebs Cycle and Electron Transport Chain). Pyruvate oxidation or the Link reactions does not make ATP. In other words, how many total ATP energy molecules are produced in each cycle and which steps in the different cycles make the ATP. Explain the yield in reference to the overall cellular respiration Equation.
6. Phosphofructokinase is an allosteric enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of fructose 6-phosphate to fructose 1,6-bisphosphate and represents the key control point in mammalian glycolysis. The enzyme is a homotetramer that is inhibited by ATP binding, activated by AMP binding, negatively regulated by phosphorylation, and competitively inhibited by 2,5-anhydro-D-glucotiol-1,6-diphosphate. (a) Would you expect a plot of the initial rate of fructose 1,6-bisphosphate formation as a function of substrate concentration to show a sigmoidal or hyperbolic curve in the absence of any regulators? (b) How would each of the regulators above affect the dynamics of the T state to R state equilibrium of phosphofructokinase? Briefly explain your reasoning. (c) If it were possible to isolate phosphofructokinase monomers in an active form, how would you expect the kinetics in (a) to be affected? How would the rate of the reaction be affected by ATP, AMP, and 2,5-anhydro-D-glucotiol-1,6-diphosphate?…
2. For each of the following compounds, identify the ATP yield from complete oxidation using glycolysis, generation of ACOA, the citric acid cycle and oxidative phosphorylation. If the yield is a range, make sure to give that range. Starting molecule a. 2 ACOA b. A glycogen molecule containing 3 glucose molecules C. NADH d. FADH2 e. F-2,6-BP f. 12 molecules of Ribose-5-phosphate g. 2 molecules of 3-GP # ATPs generated
1. Cyanide, oligomycin, and 2,4-dinitrophenol are all inhibitors of oxidative phosphorylation in mitochon- dria. Provide an explanation to the following conditions regarding these potent inhibitors. (a) Explain why adding cyanide to an active in vitro suspension of mitochondria blocks ATP synthesis. What happens to the rate of ATP synthesis when 2,4-dinitrophenol is added to this mitochon- drial suspension after it was treated with cyanide? (b) Explain why the rate of oxygen consumption decreases in an in vitro suspension of mito- chondria when oligomycin is added. What happens to the rate of oxygen consumption in this oligomycin- inhibited system after adding 2,4-dinitrophenol? Explain.
2B. Calculate the total number of ATP that will be generated from the complete B-oxidation of oncobic acid (CH:(CH,),CH=CH(CH,),COOH; 15:1 cis-A9) in an organism that has all the standard required enzymes for metabolism but which pumps only 2 H" in complex I, 0 H' in complex II, 2 H* in complex III and 4 H' in complex IV. The F,F, ATPase is composed of 3 a/ß subunits and 10 c subunits. Show all of your calculations. HO